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Adaptive goal selection for agents in dynamic environments

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Abstract

In psychology, goal-setting theory, which has been studied by psychologists for over 35 years, reveals that goals play significant roles in incentive, action and performance for human beings. Based on this theory, a goal net model has been proposed to design intelligent agents that can be viewed as a soft copy of human being somehow. The goal net model has been successfully applied in many agents, specially, non-player-character agents in computer games. Such an agent selects the optimal solution in all possible solutions found by using a recursive algorithm. However, if a goal net is very complex, the time of selection could be too long for the agent to respond quickly when the agent needs to re-select a new solution against the world’s change. Moreover, in some dynamic environments, it is impossible to know the exact outcome of choosing a solution in advance, and so the possible solutions cannot be evaluated precisely. Thus, to address the problem, this paper applies learning algorithm into goal selection in dynamic environments. More specifically, we first develop a reorganization algorithm that can convert a goal net to its equivalent counterpart that a Q-learning algorithm can operate on; then, we define the key component of Q-learning, reward function, according to the feature of goal nets; and finally lots of experiments are conducted to show that, in dynamic environments, the agent with the learning algorithm significantly outperforms the one with the recursive searching algorithm. Therefore, our work suggests an agent model that can effectively be applied in dynamic time-sensitive domain, like computer games and the P2P systems of online movie watching.

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Notes

  1. In this paper, the meaning of goal net is goal network. It is irrelevant to soccer goal nets.

  2. We give out here the details of the algorithm for the sake of readers’ convenience.

  3. Of course, we can also use more complicated methods of multiple attributes and constraints [25, 27, 28, 51, 53]. However, it is beyond the scope of this paper, and so, we will do it in the future work.

  4. The status variables could be more than gain and cost. However, they are beyond the scope of this paper, and it is worth discussing in future work.

  5. http://ww.sics.se/tac/.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for very helpful comments. This paper is partially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61173019), Bairen plan of Sun Yat-sen University, and major projects of the Ministry of Education China (No. 10JZD0006).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

    Huiliang Zhang & Chunyan Miao

  2. Institute of Logic and Cognition, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China

    Xudong Luo

  3. School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

    Zhiqi Shen

  4. Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA

    Jin You

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  1. Huiliang Zhang
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Correspondence to Xudong Luo.

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Zhang, H., Luo, X., Miao, C. et al. Adaptive goal selection for agents in dynamic environments. Knowl Inf Syst 37, 665–692 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-013-0645-7

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