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Neuro-technical interfaces to the central nervous system

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Poiesis & Praxis

Abstract

Neuro-technical interfaces are technical devices that bridge the electronic world to neurons with the objective to establish a long term stable contact for bidirectional information exchange. What does that mean in detail and to what kind of machine and for what purpose should the central nervous system, i.e. the brain, be connected? Science fiction literature and movies offer a tremendous variety of usually uncomfortable scenarios including cyborg and robocop super-humans and mass control. Do these implants change the psyche in general and what is feasible in nowadays therapeutic and rehabilitative approaches? In this overview, the author will not answer these questions but tries to deliver an overview of the technological background, the opportunities and the limitations of neuro-technical interfaces to the central nervous system. The fundamental specifications for neuro-technical interfaces will be introduced. Different degrees of implant invasiveness will be discussed and lead to a summary of clinical systems with their application-specific complexity. Actual technological opportunities and limitations will be addressed as well as general physical limitations. Current and future scenarios of neuro-technical interfaces to the central nervous system will be presented from an engineering point of view arising some questions that might be of interest with respect to ethical and societal implications when those interfaces are transferred into clinical practice and public applications.

Zusammenfassung

Neurotechnische Schnittstellen sind technische Geräte zur Überbrückung der Lücke zwischen der Welt der Elektronik und der der Neuronen, mit dem Ziel, langfristig stabilen Kontakt zum Informationsaustausch in beiden Richtungen herzustellen. Was bedeutet das im Detail und an welche Art von Maschine und zu welchem Zweck sollte das zentrale Nervensystem, d.h. das Gehirn, angeschlossen werden? Science-Fiction-Geschichten und -Filme führen uns eine ungeheure Vielfalt an gewöhnlich unangenehmen Szenarien vor, darunter Cyborg- und Robocop-Übermenschen und die Kontrolle der Massen. Ändern derartige Implantate die Psyche allgemein? Was ist überhaupt möglich im Rahmen der heutigen Therapie- und Rehabilitationsansätze? Diese Fragen wird der Autor in diesem Beitrag nicht beantworten, er wird jedoch versuchen, einen Überblick zu liefern über die technischen Hintergründe, Möglichkeiten und Grenzen neurotechnischer Schnittstellungen zum zentralen Nervensystem. Die grundlegenden Spezifikationen für neurotechnische Schnittstellen werden vorgestellt. Verschiedene Grade der Invasivität von Implantaten werden diskutiert, mündend in einer zusammenfassenden Darstellung klinischer Systeme mit ihrer anwendungsspezifischen Komplexität. Tatsächliche technische Möglichkeiten und Grenzen werden angesprochen, ebenso wie allgemeine physikalische Randbedingungen. Gegenwärtige und zukünftige Szenarien für neurotechnische Schnittstellen zum zentralen Nervensystem werden aus der Perspektive des Ingenieurs dargestellt und Fragen angesprochen, die hinsichtlich ethischer und gesellschaftlicher Implikationen von Interesse sein könnten, wenn solche Schnittstellen einmal in die klinische Praxis und öffentliche Anwendung übergehen.

Résumé

Les interfaces neurotechniques sont des dispositifs techniques qui jettent un pont entre l’univers électronique et les neurones, dans le but d’établir un contact stable à long terme pour l’échange bidirectionnel d’information. Qu’est-ce que cela signifie dans le détail et à quel type de dispositif technique le système nerveux central, p. ex. le cerveau, doit-il être connecté, et dans quel but ? La littérature de science-fiction et le cinéma proposent une incroyable palette de scénarios en général peu agréables, comprenant des surhommes tels que le cyborg Robocop et le contrôle des masses. De tels implants modifient-ils le psychisme en général, et qu’est-ce qui est faisable dans les approches thérapeutiques et rééducatives actuelles? Dans cette vue d’ensemble, l’auteur ne répond pas à ces questions mais tente de donner un aperçu du contexte technologique, des possibilités et des limites des interfaces neurotechniques avec le système nerveux central. Les spécifications fondamentales des interfaces neurotechniques sont présentées. Les différents degrés d’invasivité des implants sont discutés et débouchent sur une présentation synoptique des systèmes cliniques avec la complexité spécifique aux applications. Les possibilités et les limites effectives de la technique sont abordées, tout comme les restrictions générales imposées par la physique. Les scénarios actuels et futurs relatifs aux interfaces neurotechniques avec le système nerveux central sont présentés du point de vue d’ingénieur, donnant lieu à des questions pouvant être intéressantes en termes d’implications éthiques et sociales, si ces interfaces devaient être utilisées un jour dans la pratique hospitalière et les applications pour le grand public.

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Stieglitz, T. Neuro-technical interfaces to the central nervous system. Poiesis Prax 4, 95–109 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10202-006-0022-7

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