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Evaluation of Precision and Accuracy Assessment of Different 3-D Surface Imaging Systems for Biomedical Purposes

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Abstract

Three-dimensional (3-D) surface imaging has gained clinical acceptance, especially in the field of cranio-maxillo-facial and plastic, reconstructive, and aesthetic surgery. Six scanners based on different scanning principles (Minolta Vivid 910®, Polhemus FastSCAN™, GFM PRIMOS®, GFM TopoCAM®, Steinbichler Comet® Vario Zoom 250, 3dMD DSP 400®) were used to measure five sheep skulls of different sizes. In three areas with varying anatomical complexity (areas, 1 = high; 2 = moderate; 3 = low), 56 distances between 20 landmarks are defined on each skull. Manual measurement (MM), coordinate machine measurements (CMM) and computer tomography (CT) measurements were used to define a reference method for further precision and accuracy evaluation of different 3-D scanning systems. MM showed high correlation to CMM and CT measurements (both r = 0.987; p < 0.001) and served as the reference method. TopoCAM®, Comet® and Vivid 910® showed highest measurement precision over all areas of complexity; Vivid 910®, the Comet® and the DSP 400® demonstrated highest accuracy over all areas with Vivid 910® being most accurate in areas 1 and 3, and the DSP 400® most accurate in area 2. In accordance to the measured distance length, most 3-D devices present higher measurement precision and accuracy for large distances and lower degrees of precision and accuracy for short distances. In general, higher degrees of complexity are associated with lower 3-D assessment accuracy, suggesting that for optimal results, different types of scanners should be applied to specific clinical applications and medical problems according to their special construction designs and characteristics.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank the following companies for providing equipment for this study: GFMesstechnik GmbH, Teltow, Germany; Steinbichler Optotechnik GmbH, Traunstein, Germany; Minolta Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan and RSI GmbH, Oberursel, Germany, for providing the FastSCAN™ digitiser. Thanks to Priv.-Doz. Dr. M. Krimmel, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Director, Prof./Dr. S. Reinert), Eberhard Karls Universität, Universitätsklinik Tübingen, Germany, for providing the photogrammetry Scanner DSP 400® and his valuable support. Additionally, we would like to thank Mr. Sigl and the IBW TUM Garching for performing the measurements with the coordinate measurement machine. Finally, the authors thank Dr. Georg Hintz, MD, for his valuable help in preparing the manuscript for publication.

Conflict of interest

All authors disclose any financial and personal relationships with other people or organisations that inappropriately influence (bias) their work. None of the authors are shareholders of one of the named companies which medical devices and software were used in the study, and no author does have any other financial interests with the named companies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, München, Germany

    Maximilian Eder, Gernot Brockmann, Nikolaos A. Papadopulos & Laszlo Kovacs

  2. Department of Vascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675, München, Germany

    Alexander Zimmermann

  3. Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Moschos A. Papadopoulos

  4. Division of Cranio-maxillo-facial Surgery, Department of Reconstructive Surgery, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland

    Katja Schwenzer-Zimmerer & Hans Florian Zeilhofer

  5. Department of Oral, Maxillofacial, and Plastic Facial Surgery, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Robert Sader

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  1. Maximilian Eder
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  2. Gernot Brockmann
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Correspondence to Laszlo Kovacs.

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Eder, M., Brockmann, G., Zimmermann, A. et al. Evaluation of Precision and Accuracy Assessment of Different 3-D Surface Imaging Systems for Biomedical Purposes. J Digit Imaging 26, 163–172 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-012-9487-1

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