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GenerativeGI: creating generative art with genetic improvement

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Abstract

Generative art is a domain in which artistic output is created via a procedure or heuristic that may result in digital and/or physical results. A generative artist will typically act as a domain expert by specifying the algorithms that will form the basis of the piece as well as defining and refining parameters that can impact the results, however such efforts can require a significant amount of time to generate the final output. This article presents and extends GenerativeGI, an evolutionary computation-based technique for creating generative art by automatically searching through combinations of artistic techniques and their accompanying parameters to produce outputs desirable by the designer. Generative art techniques and their respective parameters are encoded within a grammar that is then the target for genetic improvement. This grammar-based approach, combined with a many-objective evolutionary algorithm, enables the designer to efficiently search through a massive number of possible outputs that reflect their aesthetic preferences. We included a total of 15 generative art techniques and performed three separate empirical evaluations, each of which targets different aesthetic preferences and varying aspects of the search heuristic. Experimental results suggest that GenerativeGI can produce outputs that are significantly more novel than those generated by random or single objective search. Furthermore, GenerativeGI produces individuals with a larger number of relevant techniques used to generate their overall composition.

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Notes

  1. See https://github.com/GI2023-GenerativeGI/GI2023/tree/ASE-GI-Extension.

  2. See https://github.com/satyarth/pixelsort.

  3. See https://github.com/opencv/opencv-python.

  4. Note: Listing 2 further expands the parameters that configure individual techniques and our overall grammar may be found in “Appendix B”.

  5. We have made our full results available on Zenodo: https://zenodo.org/record/8170436.

  6. Note, this fitness metric was also active for RQ1.1, RQ1.2, and RQ2.

  7. At the time of submission, this website was unavailable.

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge support from the Michigan Space Grant Consortium (award number 80NSSC20M0124) and Grand Valley State University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Computing, Grand Valley State University, 1 Campus Dr., Allendale, MI, 49401, USA

    Erik M. Fredericks, Jared M. Moore & Abigail C. Diller

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  1. Erik M. Fredericks
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  2. Jared M. Moore
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  3. Abigail C. Diller
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Correspondence to Erik M. Fredericks.

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Appendices

Appendix A: Generative art techniques

This appendix contains pseudocode the algorithms used for each of the generative art techniques included within this article, where our pseudocode follows a Python-like syntax. For presentation purposes, we abstract some functionality (e.g., Manhattan distance calculation, collision detection, etc.). Please note that the full Python code for all of our functions can be found in our GitHub repository: https://github.com/GI2023-GenerativeGI/GI2023/tree/ASE-GI-Extension.

1.1 Flow fields

This section presents two different implementations of a flow field.

1.1.1 Flow field: Implementation 1

figure i

1.1.2 Flow field: Implementation 2

figure j

1.2 Circle packing

figure k

1.3 Stippling

figure l

1.4 Pixel sorting

figure m

1.5 Cellular automata

figure n

1.6 Drunkard’s walk

figure o

1.7 Dithering

figure p

1.8 RGB shift

figure q

1.9 Noise map

figure r

1.10 OpenCV techniques

The OpenCV (Bradski 2000) techniques in the following sub-sections rely on functions found within the opencv-contrib-python library and supported by the scikit-learn (Pedregosa et al. 2011) and SciPy (Virtanen et al. 2020) libraries. These techniques were based upon an article published in TowardsDataScience (Agarwal 2020). Note, for proper interaction between the Python Pillow Image object and OpenCV, the Image object was required to be downsampled to an RGB image for processing and then upsampled to an RGBA Pillow Image object as shown in Listing 15.

figure s

1.10.1 Oil painting

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1.10.2 Watercolor

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1.10.3 Pencil drawing

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1.11 Walkers

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1.12 Trigonometry functions

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Appendix B: Full grammar

This section contains our full grammar defined for GenerativeGI.

figure y

Appendix C: Sample outputs

This section contains a set of sample outputs from GenerativeGI. Figure 28 presents a sample of the “best” outputs from the fitness functions and techniques presented within this article, where best in this case refers to the authors’ preference. Figure 29 presents the best outputs from our previous submission (Fredericks et al. 2023).

Fig. 28
figure 28

Collated outputs from GenerativeGI. These outputs represent what we consider to be the best outputs over the course of execution

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Fig. 29
figure 29

Collated outputs from GI2023 workshop paper (Fredericks et al. 2023) that we considered to be the best generated over the course of execution

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Fredericks, E.M., Moore, J.M. & Diller, A.C. GenerativeGI: creating generative art with genetic improvement. Autom Softw Eng 31, 23 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10515-024-00414-3

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