Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate the impact of tobacco smoking on specific histological subtypes of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (TCC).
Methods
Between 2003 and 2009, we conducted a hospital-based case-control study in Italy, enrolling 531 incident TCC cases and 524 cancer-free matched patients. Odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated through multiple logistic regression models.
Results
Compared to never smokers, TCC risk was threefold higher in former smokers (95% CI 2.07–4.18) and more than sixfold higher in current smokers (95% CI 4.54–9.85). TCC risk steadily increased with increasing intensity (OR for ≥25 cigarettes/day 8.75; 95% CI 3.40–22.55) and duration of smoking (OR for ≥50 years 5.46; 95% CI 2.60–11.49). No heterogeneity emerged between papillary and non-papillary TCCs for smoking intensity and duration, but the risk for those who had smoked for ≥50 years was twice for non-papillary TCC (OR 10.88) compared with papillary one (OR 4.76). Among current smokers, the risk for a 10-year increase in duration grew across strata of intensity (p-trend = 0.046). Conversely, the risk for a 5-cigarette/day increase in smoking intensity was quite steady across strata of duration (p-trend = 0.18).
Conclusions
Study results suggested that duration of smoking outweighs intensity in determining TCC risk, with limited differences across histological subtypes. Elimination of tobacco smoking may prevent about 65 % of TCCs.
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Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Mrs O. Volpato and M. Grimaldi for coordination of data collection and L. Mei for editorial assistance. We are also deeply grateful to Drs G. Chiara (1st General Surgery Dept, General Hospital, Pordenone), G. Tosolini (2nd General Surgery Dept, General Hospital, Pordenone), L. Forner (Eye Diseases Dept, General Hospital, Pordenone), A. Mele (Hand Surgery and Microsurgery Dept, General Hospital, Pordenone), and E. Trevisanutto (Dermatology Dept, General Hospital, Pordenone) for helping in enrollment of subjects. This work was partially supported by the Italian Association for Research on Cancer (AIRC), Grant number 1468. M. Di Maso was supported by a Grant from Fondazione Umberto Veronesi. F. Turati was supported by a fellowship from the Italian Foundation for Cancer Research (FIRC).
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The authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
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Polesel, J., Bosetti, C., di Maso, M. et al. Duration and intensity of tobacco smoking and the risk of papillary and non-papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer Causes Control 25, 1151–1158 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-014-0416-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-014-0416-0