Abstract
In this paper we present a dynamic on-body channel model based on a time-variant measurement campaign at 2.45 GHz and in the 3–5 GHz band. Three different human body movements for seven human subjects were considered to assess the influence of human activity on the channel behavior, both in an anechoic chamber and an indoor scenario. Two Body Area Network (BAN) star topologies have been addressed. An analysis on mean channel gain, slow fading and shadowing correlation is presented with emphasis on the differences given by the human body variability and the movement condition.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M. Maman, F. Dehmas, R. D’Errico, and L. Ouvry, Evaluating a TDMA MAC for body area networks using a space-time dependent channel model. In Proc. of IEEE 20th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC 2009), Tokyo, Japan, Sept. 2009, pp. 2101–2105, 2009.
P. Hall, Y. Hao, Y. Nechayev, A. Alomainy, C. Constantinou, C. Parini, M. Kamarudin, T. Salim, D. Hee, R. Dubrovka et al., Antennas and propagation for on-body communication systems. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 41–58, 2007.
T. Zimmerman, Personal area networks (PAN): Near-field intra-body communication. Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995.
A. Fort, C. Desset, J. Ryckaert, P. De Doncker, L. Van Biesen, and P. Wambacq, Characterization of the ultra wideband body area propagation channel. In Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, 2005 (ICU 2005), Zurich, Switzerland, p. 6, 2005.
A. Fort, J. Ryckaert, C. Desset, P. De Doncker, P. Wambacq, and L. Van Biesen, Ultra-wideband channel model for communication around the human body. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 24, no. 4, p. 927, 2006.
A. Molisch, D. Cassioli, C.-C. Chong, S. Emami, A. Fort, B. Kannan, J. Karedal, J. Kunisch, H. Schantz, K. Siwiak, and M. Win, “A comprehensive standardized model for ultrawideband propagation channels,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 3151–3166, nov. 2006.
H. Ghannoum, R. D’Errico, C. Roblin, and X. Begaud, Characterization of the uwb on-body propagation channel. In Proceedings of the First European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2006), Nice, France, Nov. 2006, pp. 1–6, 2006.
A. Sani, A. Alomainy, G. Palikaras, Y. Nechayev, Y. Hao, C. Parini, and P. Hall, Experimental characterization of UWB on-body radio channel in indoor environment considering different antennas. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 238–241, 2010.
A. Alomainy, Y. Hao, C. Parini, and P. Hall, Comparison between two different antennas for UWB on-body propagation measurements. Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, IEEE, vol. 4, pp. 31–34, 2005.
Y. Nechayev, P. Hall, C. Constantinou, Y. Hao, A. Alomainy, R. Dubrovka, and C. Parini, On-body path gain variations with changing body posture and antenna position. In Proceedings of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, vol. 1B, 2005, pp. 731–734 vol. 1B, 2005.
Y. Hao, A. Alomainy, Y. Zhao, C. Parini, Y. Nechayev, P. Hall, and C. Constantinou, Statistical and deterministic modelling of radio propagation channels in WBAN at 2.45 GHz. In Proc. of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium 2006, pp. 2169–2172, 2006.
A. Taparugssanagorn, C. Pomalaza-Raez, R. Tesi, M. Hamalainen, and J. Iinatti, Effect of body motion and the type of antenna on the measured uwb channel characteristics in medical applications of wireless body area networks. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, 2009 (ICUWB 2009), Vancouver, Canada, Sept. 2009, pp. 332–336, 2009.
S. Cotton and W. Scanlon, A statistical analysis of indoor multipath fading for a narrowband wireless body area betwork. In Proceedings of IEEE 17th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications 2006 (PIMRC 2006), Helsinki ,Finland, pp. 1–5, 2006.
W. Scanlon and S. Cotton, Understanding on-body fading channels at 2.45 GHz using measurements based on user state and environment. In Proceedings of Loughborough Antennas and Propagation Conference, 2008 (LAPC 2008), Loughborough, U.K, pp. 10–13, 2008.
S. Cotton, G. Conway, and W. Scanlon, A time-domain approach to the analysis and modeling of on-body propagation characteristics using synchronized measurements at 2.45 GHz. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 57, no. 4, Part 1, pp. 943–955, 2009.
L. Liu, P. De Doncker, and C. Oestges, Fading correlation measurement and modeling on the front side of a human body. In Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, 2009 (EuCAP 2009), Berlin, Germany, pp. 969–973, March 2009.
K. Y. Yazdandoost and K. Sayrafian-Pour, Channel Model for Body Area Network (BAN). IEEE P802.15-08-0780-09-0006, April, 2009.
M. Kim and J. Takada, Statistical Property of Dynamic BAN Channel Gain at 4.5 GHz. IEEE P802.15-08-0489-01-0006, Sept. 2008.
K. Takizawa, K. Y. Yazdandoost, T. Aoyagi, N. Katayama, J. ichi Takada, T. Kobayashi, H. bang Li, and R. Kohno, Preliminary channel models for wearable WBAN. IEEE 802.15-08-0416-02-0006, Mar. 2008.
T. Aoyagi, J. ichi Takada Kenichi, Takizawa, H. Sawada, N. Katayama, K. Y. Yazdandoost, T. Kobayashi, H.-B. Li, and R. Kohno, Channel models for wearable and implantable WBANs, IEEE 802.15 Working Group Document. IEEE 802.15-08-0416-03-0006, Sept. 2008.
D. Miniutti, L. Hanlen, D. Smith, A. Zhang, D. Lewis, D. Rodda, and B. Gilbert, Narrowband Channel Characterization for Body Area Networks. IEEE P802.15-08-0421-00-0006, July 2008.
Demeestere, F. and Delaveaud, C. and Keignart, J., A compact UWB antenna with a wide band circuit model and a time domain characterization. In Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband (ICUWB 2006), Waltham, MA, USA, pp. 345–350, 2006.
P. Bello, I. ADCOM, and M. Cambridge, Characterization of randomly time-variant linear channels. IEEE Transactions on Communications Systems, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 360–393, 1963.
H. Hashemi, Simulation of the urban radio propagation channel. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 213–225, 1979.
A. Saleh and R. Valenzuela, A statistical model for indoor multipath propagation. IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 128–137, 1987.
H. Hashemi, G. Yun, M. Kavehrad, F. Behbahani, and P. Galko, “Indoor propagation measurements at infrared frequencies for wireless local area networks applications,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 562–576, aug 1994.
J. Gorce, C. Goursaud, G. Villemeaud, R. D’Errico, and L. Ouvry, Opportunistic relaying protocols for human monitoring in BANs. in Proc. of IEEE 20th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC 2009), Tokyo, Japan, Sept. 2009, pp. 732–736.
R. D’Errico and L. Ouvry, Time-variant BAN Channel Characterization. In Proceedings of IEEE 20th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC 2009), Tokyo, Japan, pp. 3000–3004, Sept. 2009.
S. Rice, Mathematical analysis of random noise. Bell System Tech. J, vol. 23, pp. 282–332, 1944.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to Mohamed Hachemi for his help in measurements. This work has been supported by the ANR French project BANET.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
D’Errico, R., Ouvry, L. A Statistical Model for On-Body Dynamic Channels. Int J Wireless Inf Networks 17, 92–104 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10776-010-0122-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10776-010-0122-0