Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Skip to main content

Spontaneity of Communication in Individuals with Autism

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article provides an examination of issues related to spontaneity of communication in children with autism. Deficits relating to spontaneity or initiation are frequently reported in individuals with autism, particularly in relation to communication and social behavior. Nevertheless, spontaneity is not necessarily clearly conceptualized or measured. Several approaches to conceptualization of communicative spontaneity are examined with a particular focus on the continuum model and how it might be practically applied. A range of possible explanations for deficits in spontaneity of communication in children with autism is subsequently explored, including external factors (highly structured teaching programs, failure to systematically instruct for spontaneity) and intrinsic characteristics (intellectual disability, stimulus overselectivity, weak central coherence). Possible implications for future research are presented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3-TR ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, S. L. (1981). Stimulus overselectivity in learning disabled children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 14, 239–248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basil, C. (1992). Social interaction and learned helplessness in severely disabled children. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 8, 188–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard-Opitz, V. (1982). Pragmatic analysis of the communicative behavior of an autistic child. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 47, 99–109.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boucher, J., & Lewis, V. (1990). Guessing or creating? A reply to Baron-Cohen. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 8, 205–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burack, J. A. (1994). Selective attention deficits in persons with autism: Preliminary evidence of an inefficient attentional lens. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 535–543.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, E. G., & Kologinsky, E. (1983). Acquisition of sign language by autistic children II: Spontaneity and generalization effects. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 16, 297–314.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, A. S., Davis, N. O., Klin, A., & Volkmar, F. R. (2005). Social development in autism. In F. R. Volkmar, R. Paul, A. Klin, & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (3rd ed., Vol. 1: Diagnosis, development, neurobiology, and behavior, pp. 312–334). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

  • Carter, M. (1992). A review of naturalistic communication training strategies for persons with severe handicaps: Implications for the development of spontaneity. Australasian Journal of Special Education, 15, 17–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, M. (2002). Communicative spontaneity in individuals with high support needs: An exploratory consideration of causation. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 49, 225–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, M. (2003a). Communicative spontaneity of children with high support needs who use augmentative and alternative communication systems I: Classroom spontaneity, mode, and function. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 19, 141–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, M. (2003b). Communicative spontaneity of children with high support needs who use augmentative and alternative communication systems II: Antecedents and effectiveness of communication. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 19, 155–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, M., & Grunsell, J. (2001). The behavior chain interruption strategy: A review of research and discussion of future directions. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 26(1), 37–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, M., & Hotchkis, G. D. (2002). A conceptual analysis of communicative spontaneity. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 27, 168–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, M., Hotchkis, G. D., & Cassar, M. C. (1996). Spontaneity of augmentative and alternative communication in persons with intellectual disabilities: Critical review. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 12, 97–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charlop, M. H., & Haymes, L. K. (1994). Speech and language acquisition and intervention: Behavioral approaches. In J. L. Matson (Ed.), Autism in children and adults: Etiology, assessment, and intervention (pp. 213–240). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charlop, M. H., Schreibman, L., & Thibodeau, M., G. (1985). Increasing spontaneous verbal responding in autistic children using a time delay procedure. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 18, 155–166.

  • Charlop, M. H., & Trasowech, J. E. (1991). Increasing autistic children’s daily spontaneous speech. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24, 747–761.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charlop, M. H., & Walsh, M. E. (1986). Increasing autistic children’s spontaneous verbalizations of affection: An assessment of time delay and peer modeling procedures. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 19, 307–314.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coe, D., Matson, J., Fee, V., Manikam, R., & Linarello, C. (1990). Training nonverbal and verbal play skills to mentally retarded and autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 20, 177–187.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, J. O., Heward, W. L., & Heron, T. E. (1987). Applied behavior analysis. Columbus, OH: Merrill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobbinson, S., Perkins, M., & Boucher, J. (2003). The interactional significance of formulas in autistic language. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 17, 299–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunlap, G., Koegel, R. L., & Burke, J. C. (1981). Educational implications of stimulus overselectivity in autistic children. Exceptional Education Quarterly, 2, 37–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyer, K. (1989). The effects of preference on spontaneous verbal quests in individuals with autism. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 14, 184–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edelson, M. G. (2006). Are the majority of children with autism mentally retarded?. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 21, 66–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Filipek, P. A., Accardo, P. J., Baranek, G. T., Cook, E. H., Dawson, G., Gordon, B., et al. (1999). The screening and diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 439–484.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fombonne, E. (2003). The prevalence of autism. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289, 87–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frith, U., & Happé, F. (1994). Autism: Beyond “theory of mind”. Cognition, 50, 115–132.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frost, L., & Bondy, A. (2002). The picture exchange communication system training manual (2nd ed.). Cherry Hill, NJ: Pyramid Educational Consultants.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gersten, R. M. (1980). In search of the cognitive deficit in autism: Beyond the stimulus overselectivity model. Journal of Special Education, 14, 47–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenaway, R., & Plaisted, K. (2005). Top-down attentional modulation in autistic spectrum disorders is stimulus-specific. Psychological Science, 16, 987–993.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grunsell, J., & Carter, M. (2002). The behavior chain interruption strategy: Generalization to out-of-routine contexts. Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 37, 378–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halle, J. W. (1987). Teaching language in the natural environment: An analysis of spontaneity. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 12, 28–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halle, J. W. (1989). Identifying stimuli in the natural environment that control verbal responses. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 54, 500–504.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halle, J. W., Baer, D. M., & Spradlin, J. E. (1981). Teachers’ generalized use of delay as a stimulus control procedure to increase language use in handicapped children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 14, 389–409.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halle, J. W., Chadsey-Rusch, J., & Collet-Klingenberg, L. (1993). Applying contextual features of general case instruction and interactive routines to enhance communication skills. In R. A. Gable, & S. F. Warren (Eds.), Strategies for teaching students with mild to severe mental retardation (pp. 231–267). Baltimore, MD: Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halle, J. W., & Holt, B. (1991). Assessing stimulus control in natural settings: An analysis of stimuli that acquire control during training. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24, 579–589.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2006). The weak coherence account: Detail-focused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 5–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haring, N. G. (1988). Generalization for students with severe handicaps: Strategies and solutions. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, D. (1995). Spontaneous language use. In R. L. Koegel, & L. K. Koegel (Eds.), Teaching children with autism: Strategies for initiating positive interactions and improving learning opportunities (pp. 43–51). Baltimore, MD: Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, E. L., & Frith, U. (2003). Understanding autism: Insights from mind and brain. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 358, 281–289.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howlin, P., Baron-Cohen, S., & Hadwin, J. (1999). Teaching children with autism to mind-read. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoy, J. A., Hatton, C., & Hare, D. (2004). Weak central coherence: A cross-domain phenomenon specific to autism? Autism 8, 267–281.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hung, D. W. (1977). Generalization of “curiosity” questioning behavior in autistic children. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 8, 237–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ingenmey, R., & Van Houten, R. (1991). Using time delay to promote spontaneous speech in an autistic child. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24, 591–596.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jarrold, C., Boucher, J., & Smith, P. K. (1996). Generativity defects in pretend play in autism. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 14, 275–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarrold, C., & Russell, J. (1997). Counting abilities in autism: Possible implications for central coherence theory. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 27, 25–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, R., & Powell, S. (1995). Understanding and teaching children with autism. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaczmarek, L. A. (1990). Teaching spontaneous language to individuals with severe handicaps: A matrix model. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 15, 160–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kent, L. R. (1974). Language acquisition program for the severely retarded. Champaign, IL: Research Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koegel, L. K. (1995). Communication and language intervention. In R. L. Koegel, & L. K. Koegel (Eds.), Teaching children with autism: Strategies for initiating positive interactions and improving learning opportunities (pp. 17–32). Baltimore, MD: Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koegel, L. K., Camarata, S. M., Valdez-Menchaca, M., & Koegel, R. L. (1998). Setting generalization of question-asking by children with autism. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 102, 346–357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koegel, R. L., & Mentis, M. (1985). Motivation in childhood autism: Can they or won’t they? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26, 185–191.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koegel, R. L., O’Dell, M. C., & Koegel, L. K. (1987). A natural language teaching paradigm for nonverbal autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17, 187–200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krantz, P. J., & McClannahan, L. E. (1993). Teaching children with autism to initiate to peers: Effects of a script-fading procedure. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26, 121–132.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laski, K. E., Charlop, M. H., & Schreibman, L. (1988). Training parents to use the natural language paradigm to increase their autistic children’s speech. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 21, 391–400.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, V., & Boucher, J. (1988). Spontaneous, instructed and elicited play in relatively able autistic children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 6, 325–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, V., & Boucher, J. (1995). Generativity in the play of young people with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 25, 105–121.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Light, J. C., Roberts, B., Dimarco, R., & Greiner, N. (1998). Augmentative and alternative communication to support receptive and expressive communication for people with autism. Journal of Communication Disorders, 31, 153–180.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loncola, J. A., & Graig-Unkefer, L. (2005). Teaching social communication skills to young urban children with autism. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 40, 243–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovaas, O., Schreibman, L., Koegel, R., & Rehm, R. (1971). Selective responding by autistic children to multiple sensory input. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 77, 211–222.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lovaas, O. I. (1977). The autistic child: Language development through behavior modification. New York: Irvington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J. L., Sevin, J. A., Box, M. L., & Francis, K. L. (1993). An evaluation of two methods for increasing self-initiated verbalization in autistic children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26, 389–398.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J. L., Sevin, J. A., Fridley, D., & Love, S. R. (1990). Increasing spontaneous language in three autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 20, 479–497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, B. (1994). Stimulus overselectivity, stimulus generalization, and visual context in adults with autism. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Flinders University of South Australia, Australia.

  • Matthews, B., Shute, R., & Rees, R. (2001). An analysis of stimulus overselectivity in adults with autism. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 26, 161–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClannahan, L. E., & Krantz, P. J. (1997). In search of solutions to prompt dependence: Teaching children with autism to use photographic activity schedules. In D. M. Baer, & E. M. Pinkston (Eds.), Environment and behavior (pp. 271–278). Boulder, CO: Westview.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, M. E., & Hemmes, N. S. (2003). Increases in social initiation toward an adolescent with autism: Reciprocity effects. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 24, 453–465.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J., & Weinert, R. (1998). Spontaneous spoken language: Syntax and discourse. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. F. (1981). Assessing language production in children: Experimental procedures. Baltimore: University Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirenda, P., & Santogrossi, J. (1985). A prompt-free strategy to teach pictorial communication system use. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 1, 143–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mundy, P., & Stella, J. (2000). Joint attention, social orienting, and nonverbal communication in autism. In A. M. Wetherby, & B. M. Prizant (Eds.), Autism spectrum disorders: A transactional developmental perspective (pp. 55–77). Baltimore, MD: Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odom, S. L., & Strain, P. S. (1986). A comparison of peer-initiation and teacher-antecedent interventions for promoting reciprocal social interaction of autistic preschoolers. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 19, 59–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oke, N. J., & Schreibman, L. (1990). Training social initiations to a high functioning autistic child: Assessment of collateral behavior change and generalization in a case study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 20, 479–497.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osterling, J. A., Dawson, G., & Munson, J. A. (2002). Early recognition of 1-year-old infants with autism spectrum disorder versus mental retardation. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 239–251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plaisted, K., Saksida, L., Alcantara, J., & Weisblatt, E. (2003). Towards an understanding of the mechanisms of weak central coherence effects: Experiments in visual configural learning and auditory perception. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1430, 375–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Potter, C., & Whittaker, C. (2001). Enabling communication in children with autism. London: Jessica Kingsley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prizant, B. M., & Wetherby, A. M. (2005). Critical issues in enhancing communication abilities for persons with autism spectrum disorders. In F. R. Volkmar, R. Paul, A. Klin, & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (3rd ed., Vol. 2. Assessment, Interventions, and Policy, pp. 925–945). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

  • Reichle, J. (1997). Communication intervention with persons who have severe disabilities. Journal of Special Education, 31, 110–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichle, J., & Sigafoos, J. (1991). Establishing spontaneity and generalization. In J. Reichle, J. York, & J. Sigafoos (Eds.), Implementing augmentative and alternative communication: Strategies for learners with severe disabilities (pp. 157–192). Baltimore, MD: Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricks, D. M., & Wing, L. (1975). Language, communication, and the use of symbols in normal and autistic children. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 5, 191–221.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenblatt, J., Bloom, P., & Koegel, R. L. (1995). Overselective responding. In R. L. Koegel, & L. K. Koegel (Eds.), Teaching children with autism: Strategies for initiating positive interactions and improving learning opportunities (pp. 33–42). Baltimore, MD: Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schover, L. R., & Newsom, C. D. (1976). Overselectivity, developmental level, and overtraining in autistic and normal children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 4, 289–298.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schuler, A. L., Prizant, B. M., & Wetherby, A. M. (1997). Enhancing language and communication development: Prelinguistic approaches. In D. J. Cohen, & F. R. Volkmar (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (2nd ed., pp. 539–571). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sigafoos, J., & Reichle, J. (1993). Establishing spontaneous verbal behavior. In R. A. Gable, & S. F. Warren (Eds.), Strategies for teaching students with mild to severe mental retardation (Vol. 5, pp. 191–230). London: Jessica Kingsley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smeets, P. M., Hoogeveen, F. R., Striefel, S., & Lancioni, G. E. (1985). Stimulus overselectivity in TMR children: Establishing functional control of simultaneous multiple stimuli. Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 5, 247–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stickler, K. R. (1987). Guide to analysis of language transcripts. Eau Claire, WI: Thinking Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stokes, T. F., & Baer, D. M. (1977). An implicit technology of generalization. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 10, 349–367.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, W. L., & Caro-Martinez, L. M. (1990). Naturalistic observations of spontaneous communication in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 20, 437–453.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strain, P. S., Kerr, M. M., & Ragland, E. U. (1979). Effects of peer-mediated social initiations and prompting/reinforcement procedures on the social behavior of autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 41–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tager-Flusberg, H. (2000). The challenge of studying language development in children with autism. In L. Menn, & N. B. Ratner (Eds.), Methods for studying language production (pp. 313–332). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tager-Flusberg, H., Paul, R., & Lord, C. (2005). Language and communication in autism. In F. R. Volkmar, R. Paul, A. Klin, & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (3rd ed., Vol. 1. Diagnosis, development, neurobiology, and behavior, pp. 335–364). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

  • Taylor, B. A., & Harris, S. L. (1995). Teaching children with autism to seek information: Acquisition of novel information an generalization of responding. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 28, 3–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Lang, N. D. J., Bouma, A., Sytema, S., Kraijer, D. W., & Minderaa, R. B. (2006). A comparison of central coherence skills between adolescents with an intellectual disability with and without comorbid autism spectrum disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 27, 217–226.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vig, S., & Jedrysek, E. (1999). Autistic features in young children with significant cognitive impairment: Autism or mental retardation? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 235–248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, L. R., Lord, C., Schaffer, B., & Schopler, E. (1989). Teaching spontaneous communication to autistic and developmentally handicapped children. New York: Irvington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wetherby, A. M., Schuler, A. L., & Prizant, B. M. (1997). Enhancing language and communication development: Theoretical foundations. In D. J. Cohen, & F. R. Volkmar (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (2nd ed.,pp. 513–538). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zanolli, K. (1997). The environmental antecedents of spontaneous social behavior. In D. M. Baer, & E. M. Pinkston (Eds.), Environment and behavior (pp. 219–228). Boulder, CO Westview.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hsu-Min Chiang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Chiang, HM., Carter, M. Spontaneity of Communication in Individuals with Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 38, 693–705 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0436-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0436-7

Keywords