Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Extraction of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Phormium tenax Fibres

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Polymers and the Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Cellulose nanocrystals with an acicular structure ranged from 100 to 200 nm in length and 15 nm in width were extracted from Phormium tenax leaf fibres by acid hydrolysis. A two-step procedure for the extraction of nano-sized cellulose was studied and the obtained nanocrystals were characterized using morphological investigations (optical, scanning electron and atomic force microscopy), as well as physico-chemical characterization by Wide Angle X-ray Scattering, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. A study of birefringence properties was also performed. The first chemical treatment leads to the production of holocellulose by the gradual removal of lignin, while the subsequent sulphuric acid hydrolysis process allows obtaining cellulose nanocrystals in an aqueous suspension. The results reported support the repeatability and the effectiveness of the procedure performed. Moreover, the high cellulose content of P. tenax fibre and their declining market interest, suggest the interest of this investigation and the possibility to use natural fibres for the production of a reinforcement phase to involve in the nanocomposite approach for industrial applications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

References

  1. Newman RH, Clauss E, Carpenter J, Thumm A (2007) Epoxy composites reinforced with deacetylated Phormium tenax leaf fibres. Compos Part A 38:2164–2170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Newman RH, Le Guen MJ, Battley MA, Carpenter JEP (2010) Failure mechanisms in composites reinforced with unidirectional Phormium leaf fibre. Compos Part A 41:353–359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. De Rosa IM, Santulli C, Sarasini F (2010) Mechanical and thermal characterization of epoxy composites reinforced with random and quasi-unidirectional untreated Phormium tenax leaf fibres. Mater Des 31:2397–2405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. De Rosa IM, Kenny JM, Puglia D, Santulli C, Sarasini F (2010) Tensile behavior of New Zealand Flax (Phormium tenax) fibres. J Reinf Plast Compos 29:3450–3454

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Jayaraman K, Halliwell R (2009) Harakeke (Phormium tenax) fibre–waste plastics blend composites processed by screwless extrusion. Compos Part B 40:645–649

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. De Rosa IM, Iannoni A, Kenny JM, Puglia D, Santulli C, Sarasini F, Terenzi A (2011) Poly(lactic acid)/Phormium tenax composites: morphology and thermo-mechanical behaviour. Polym Compos 32:1362–1368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Mishra S, Mohanty AK, Drzal LT, Misra M, Hinrichsen G (2004) A review on pineapple leaf fibres, sisal fibres and their biocomposites. Macromol Mater Eng 289:955–974

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Samir M, Alloin F, Paillet M, Dufresne A (2004) Tangling effect in fibrillated cellulose reinforced nanocomposites. Macromolecules 37:4313–4316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Cavaille JY, Ruiz MM, Dufresne A, Gerard JF, Graillat C (2000) Processing and characterization of new thermoset nanocomposites based on cellulose whiskers. Compos Interface 7:117–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Dong XM, Revol JF, Gray DG (1998) Effect of microcrystallite preparation conditions on the formation of colloid crystals of cellulose. Cellulose 5:19–32

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Edgar CD, Gray DG (2002) Influence of dextran on the phase behavior of suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals. Macromolecules 35:7400–7406

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Heux L, Chauve G, Bonini C (2000) Nonflocculating and chiral-nematic self-ordering of cellulose microcrystals suspensions in nonpolar solvents. Langmuir 16:8210–8212

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bondeson D, Mathew A, Oksman K (2006) Optimization of the isolation of nanocrystals from microcrystalline cellulose by acid hydrolysis. Cellulose 13:171–180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Brown EE, Laborie MPG (2007) Bioengineering bacterial cellulose/poly(ethylene oxide) nanocomposites. Biomacromolecules 8:3074–3081

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Cherian BM, Pothan LA, Nguyen-Chung T, Mennig G, Kottaisamy M, Thomas S (2008) A novel method for the synthesis of cellulose nanofibril whiskers from banana fibres and characterization. J Agric Food Chem 56:5617–5627

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Joonobi M, Harun J, Tahir PM, Zaini LH, Azry SS, Makinejad MD (2010) Characteristic of nanofibres extracted from kenaf core. Bioresources 5:2556–2566

    Google Scholar 

  17. Cherian BM, Leão AL, Ferreira de Souza S, Thomas S, Pothanc LA, Kottaisamy M (2010) Isolation of nanocellulose from pineapple leaf fibres by steam explosion. Carbohyd Polym 81:720–725

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Sheltami RM, Abdullah I, Ahmad I, Dufresne A, Kargarzadeh H (2012) Extraction of cellulose nanocrystals from mengkuang leaves (Pandanus tectorius). Carbohyd Polym 88(2):772–779

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Li R, Fei J, Cai Y, Li Y, Feng J, Yao J (2009) Cellulose whiskers extracted from mulberry: a novel biomass production. Carbohyd Polym 76:94–99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ludueña L, Fasce D, Alvarez VA, Stefani PM (2011) Nanocellulose from rice husk following alkaline treatment to remove silica. Bioresources 6:1440–1453

    Google Scholar 

  21. Moran JI, Alvarez VA, Cyras VP (2008) Extraction of cellulose and preparation of nanocellulose from sisal fibers. Cellulose 15:149–159

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Chattopadhyay H, Sarkar PB (1946) A new method for the estimation of cellulose. Proc Natl Inst Sci India 12:23–46

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Cranston ED, Gray DG (2006) Morphological and optical characterization of polyelectrolyte multilayers incorporating nanocrystalline cellulose. Biomacromolecules 7:2522–2530

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Roman M, Gray DG (2005) Effect of reaction conditions on the properties and behavior of wood cellulose nanocrystal suspensions. Biomacromolecules 6:1048–1054

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Garcia-Jaldon G, Dupeyre D, Vignon MR (1998) Fibres from semi-retted hemp bundles by steam explosion treatment. Biomass Bioenerg 14:251–260

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Battista OA, Smith PA (1962) Microcrystalline cellulose. Ind Eng Chem 54:20–29

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Rosa MF, Medeiros ES, Malmonge JA, Gregorski KS, Wood DF, Mattoso LHC, Glenn G, Orts WJ, Imam SH (2010) Cellulose nanowhiskers from coconut husk fibres: effect of preparation conditions on their thermal and morphological behaviour. Carbohyd Polym 81:83–92

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Fortunati E, Armentano I, Zhou Q, Iannoni A, Saino E, Visai L, Berglund LA, Kenny JM (2012) Multifunctional bionanocomposite films of poly(lactic acid), cellulose nanocrystals and silver nanoparticles. Carboyd Polym 87:1596–1605

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Oksman K, Mathew AP, Bondeson D, Kvien I (2006) Manufacturing process of cellulose whiskers/polylactic acid nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 66:2776–2784

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Pei A, Zhou Q, Berglund LA (2010) Functionalized cellulose nanocrystals as biobased nucleation agents in poly(l-lactide) (PLLA)—crystallization and mechanical property effects. Compos Sci Technol 70:815–821

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Zhang J, Elder TJ, Pu Y, Ragauskas AJ (2007) Facile synthesis of spherical cellulose nanoparticles. Carbohyd Polym 69:607–611

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Abraham E, Deepa B, Pothan LA, Jacob M, Thomas S, Cvelbard U, Anandjiwal R (2011) Extraction of nanocellulose fibrils from lignocellulosic fibres: a novel approach. Carbohyd Polym 86:1468–1475

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Isogai A, Usuda M, Kato T, Uryu T, Atalla RH (1989) Solid-state CP/MAS 13C NMR study of cellulose polymorphs. Macromolecules 22:3168–3172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Marchessault RG, Sundararajan PR (1983) Cellulose. In: Aspinall GO (ed) The Polysaccharides, 2nd edn. Academic Press, New York, pp 11–95

    Google Scholar 

  35. Nishiyama Y, Langan P, Chanzy H (2002) Crystal structure and hydrogen-bonding system in cellulose Iβ from synchrotron X-ray and neutron fiber diffraction. J Am Chem Soc 124:9074–9082

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Borysiak S, Garbarczyk J (2003) Applying the WAXS method to estimate the supermolecular structure of cellulose fibres after mercerisation. Fibres Textiles East Europe 11(44):104–106

    Google Scholar 

  37. Krassig HA (1993) Cellulose: structure, accessibility and reactivity. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, USA 376

    Google Scholar 

  38. Elanthikkal S, Gopalakrishnapanicker U, Varghese S, Guthrie JT (2010) Cellulose microfibres produced from banana plant wastes: isolation and characterization. Carbohyd Polym 80:852–859

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Kondo T, Sawatari C (1999) A Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopic analysis of the character of hydrogen bonds in amorphous cellulose. Polymer 37(3):393–399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Leung ACW, Hrapovic S, Lam E, Liu Y, Male KB, Mahmoud KS, Luong JHT (2011) Characteristics and properties of carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals prepared from a novel one-step procedure. Small 7:302–305

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Roman M, Winter WT (2004) Effect of sulfate groups from sulfuric acid hydrolysis on the thermal degradation behavior of bacterial cellulose. Biomacromolecules 5:1671–1677

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Wang N, Ding E, Cheng R (2007) Thermal degradation behavior of spherical cellulose nanocrystals with sulfate groups. Polymer 48:3486–3493

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Fleming K, Gray DG, Matthews S (2001) Cellulose crystallites. Chem Eur J 7:1831–1835

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Harkness BR, Gray DG (1994) Chiral nematic mesophases of lyotropic and thermotropic cellulose derivatives. In: Shibaev V, Lam L (eds) Liquid crystalline and mesomorphic polymers. Springer, New York, pp 298–323

    Google Scholar 

  45. Revol JF, Godbout L, Gray DG (1998) Solid self-assembled films of cellulose with chiral nematic order and optically variable properties. J Pulp Pap Sci 24:146–149

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Siqueira G, Bras J, Dufresne A (2010) Cellulosic bionanocomposites: a review of preparation, properties and applications. Polymers 2:728–765

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from INSTM. We also acknowledge the Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences Department of the University of Alicante, Spain and in particular Prof. Alfonso Jimènez.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. UdR INSTM, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100, Terni, Italy

    E. Fortunati, D. Puglia, M. Monti, J. M. Kenny & L. Torre

  2. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain

    L. Peponi & J. M. Kenny

  3. Chemical Engineering, Materials, and Environment Department, La Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184, Rome, Italy

    C. Santulli

Authors
  1. E. Fortunati
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. D. Puglia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. Monti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. L. Peponi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. C. Santulli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. J. M. Kenny
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. L. Torre
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to E. Fortunati.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Fortunati, E., Puglia, D., Monti, M. et al. Extraction of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Phormium tenax Fibres. J Polym Environ 21, 319–328 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-012-0543-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-012-0543-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation