Abstract
This paper reports an efficient quantization algorithm for the implementation of a real-time MP-3 encoder based on a low-cost digital signal processor. Unlike the well-known nested-loop quantization algorithm, which requires a large and unpredictable amount of iterations, the proposed algorithm uses a single loop with only three iterations to reduce the computational complexity. Since most of the existing quantization algorithms reported in the literature require peak number of iterations higher than three, our approach can effectively reduce the peak computing demand for a real-time encoder. We conduct several experiments (including the ODG rating) to validate the performance of the proposed algorithm, and the results are acceptable. We implement the proposed algorithm on a 16-bit fixed-point digital signal processor, and the encoder requires 35 MIPS of computation for encoding stereo music at 128 kbps.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chang F-M, You SD (2004) Using only long windows in MPEG-2/4 AAC encoding. Lecture Notes in Computer Science LNCS 3333, pp. 151–158
EAQUAL (1999) http://www.mp3-tech.org/programmer/sources/eaqual.tgz
EBU (2005) Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Implementation guidelines for the use of MPEG-2 systems, video and audio in satellite, cable and terrestrial broadcasting applications, ETSI TR 101–154
EBU (2006) Radio broadcasting systems; digital audio broadcasting (DAB) to mobile, portable, and fixed receivers, ETSI EN 300 401 v1.4.1
International Telecommunication Union, ITU-R Rec. BS-1387, Method for objective measurements of perceived audio quality
ISO/IEC (1993) Information technology—coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1.5 Mbit/s—part 3: audio, IS 11172–3
ISO/IEC (1998) Information technology—generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information—part 3: audio, IS 13818-3, 2nd Ed
LAME, Version 3.97b2, http://lame.sourceforge.net/
MPG123, http://www.mpg123.org/
Oh HO, Kim JS, Song CJ, Park YC, Youn DH (2001) Low power MPEG/Audio encoders using simplified psychoacoustics model and fast bit allocation. IEEE Trans Consum Electron 47(3):613–621
Painter T, Spanias A (2000) Perceptual coding of digital audio. Proc IEEE 88(4):451–513
Princen JP, Johnson AW, Bradley AB (1987) Subband transform coding using filter bank designs based on time domain aliasing cancellation. Proc IEEE ICASSP, Dallas, TX, USA, 12:2161–2164
Texas Instruments (1993) TMS320C5x user’s guide, 2547301-9721 revision D
Venkataramani B, Bhaskar M (2002) Digital signal processors: architectures, programming and applications. McGraw-Hill, Englewood Cliff, NJ
Wang X, Dou W, Hou Z (2002) An improved audio encoding architecture based on 16-bit fixed-point DSP. IEEE 2002 International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems and West Sino Expositions 2:918–921
Yang CK, Chen SG (2003) New static and dynamic search algorithms for fast MP3 bit allocations. Proc Int Conf Multimedia Expo 1:I-77–I-80
Yen C-H, Lin Y-S, Wu B-F (2007) An efficient implementation of a low-complexity MP3 algorithm with stream cipher. Multimedia Tools and Applications, online published, 25(3):335–355 (June)
Yu C-H, You SD (2002) On the possibility of only using long windows in MPEG-2 AAC Coding. Lecture Notes in Computer Science LNCS 2532:663–670
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
You, S.D., Chen, WK. Efficient quantization algorithm for real-time MP-3 encoders. Multimed Tools Appl 40, 341–359 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-008-0210-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-008-0210-7