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A divide-and-conquer fragile self-embedding watermarking with adaptive payload

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Abstract

This paper proposes a divide-and-conquer fragile self-embedding watermarking with adaptive payload for digital images. A graph-based visual saliency (GBVS) model is adopted to automatically classify image blocks into region of interest (ROI) and background (ROB). The divide-and-conquer mechanisms aim to protect the ROI blocks with higher priority, which is embodied in two procedures: backup information collection and payload allocation. We collect the ROI backup information without compression, and allocate payload in a water-filling order to preferentially maintain the visual quality of ROI. The collected backup information are encoded as reference bits through a measurement process, in which a flexible scaling factor adaptively modulates the size of payload. Auxiliary information, which records the ROI locations, is embedded into the host images together with the reference bits. Hash-based authentication bits are responsible for detecting tampered blocks. A legitimate recipient can sequentially restore the auxiliary information and the original image content as long as the tampering is not too severe. The qualitative and quantitative results demonstrate the effectiveness and the superiority of the proposed methods compared with the previous works.

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Notes

  1. The thirty-one selected BOWS2 images were ‘326’, ‘425’, ‘428’, ‘1151’, ‘1754’, ‘1806’, ‘1861’, ‘2169’, ‘2354’, ‘3442’, ‘3477’, ‘3533’, ‘3570’, ‘3608’, ‘4550’, ‘4552’, ‘4871’, ‘5984’, ‘6081’, ‘6413’, ‘6687’, ‘7318’, ‘7818’, ‘8074’, ‘8171’, ‘8293’, ‘8445’, ‘8944’, ‘9310’, ‘9461’, and ‘9604’.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61806171), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (18ZR1400300), the Program for the Fundamental Research of the Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology (15JC1400600), and the Fundamental Research Funds of the Central Universities (16D110412,17D110408).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Information Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai, China

    Rong Huang, Hao Liu & Shaoyuan Sun

  2. Engineering Research Center of Digitized Textile & Apparel Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China

    Rong Huang, Hao Liu & Shaoyuan Sun

  3. School of Cyber Security, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, China

    Xiaojuan Liao

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  1. Rong Huang
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  2. Hao Liu
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  3. Xiaojuan Liao
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  4. Shaoyuan Sun
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Correspondence to Rong Huang or Hao Liu.

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Huang, R., Liu, H., Liao, X. et al. A divide-and-conquer fragile self-embedding watermarking with adaptive payload. Multimed Tools Appl 78, 26701–26727 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-07802-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-07802-y

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