Abstract
With the continuous mining and gradual reduction of shallow deposits, deep prospecting has become a new global prospecting trend. In addition, with the development of artificial intelligence, deep learning provides a favorable means for geological big data analysis. This paper, researches the No. II Orebody of the Xiongcun deposit. First, based on previous research results and metallogenic regularity, prospecting information, namely, lithology, Au-Ag-Cu chemical elements and wall rock alteration is extracted, and the block model is established by combining the Kriging interpolation structure. Second, the datasets are divided into dataset I and dataset II according to “randomness” and “depth”. Third, deep prospecting prediction models based on deep neural networks (DNN) and the convolutional neural networks (CNN) is constructed, and the model parameters are optimized. Finally, the models are applied to the deep prediction of the Xiongcun No. II Orebody. The results show that the accuracy rate and recall rate of the prediction model based on the DNN algorithm are 96.15% and 89.23%, respectively, and the AUC is 96.39%, which are higher values than those of the CNN algorithm, indicating that the performance of the prediction model based on the DNN algorithm is better. The accuracy of prediction model based on dataset I is higher than that of dataset II. The accuracy of deep metallogenic prediction based on the DNN algorithm is approximately 89%, that based on the CNN is approximately 87%, and that based on prospecting information method is approximately 61.27%. The prediction results of the DNN algorithm are relatively consistent in the spatial location and scale of the orebody. Therefore, based on the work done in this paper, it is feasible to use a deep learning method to carry out deep mineral prediction.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amit SNKB, Aoki Y (2017). Disaster detection from aerial imagery with convolutional neural network. International electronics symposium on knowledge creation and intelligent computing, 239-245
Bang C (2002). The application of PROSEPECTING - information contents in METALLOGENIC prognosis at TONGSHAN copper deposit. Geology and Prospecting
Bianco S, Buzzelli M, Mazzini D, Schettini R (2017) Deep learning for logo recognition. Neurocomputing 245:23–30
Brown WM, Gedeon TD, Groves D, Barnes RG (2000) Artificial neural networks: a new method for mineral prospectivity mapping. Aust J Earth Sci 47(4):757–770
Carranza EJM, Laborte AG (2015) Random forest predictive modeling of mineral prospectivity with small number of prospects and data with missing values in Abra (Philippines). Comput Geosci 74:60–70
Chen Y (2015) Mineral potential mapping with a restricted Boltzmann machine. Ore Geol Rev 71:749–760
Cheng Q (2012) Singularity theory and methods for mapping geochemical anomalies caused by buried sources and for predicting undiscovered mineral deposits in covered areas. J Geochem Explor 122:55–70
Deng H, Zheng Y, Wei YF, Mao XC (2020) Deep learning-based 3D prediction model for the Dayingezhuang gold deposit, Shandong Province(article). Acta Geosci Sin 02:157–165 (in chinese)
Fallara F, Legault M, Rabeau O (2006) 3-D integrated geological modeling in the Abitibi subprovince (Québec, Canada): techniques and applications. Explor Min Geol 15:27–43
Fan Y, Qian Y, Soong FK, He L (2015). Multi-speaker modeling and speaker adaptation for DNN-based TTS synthesis. In 2015 IEEE international conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing (ICASSP), 4475–4479
Gao Y, Zhang Z, Xiong Y, Zuo R (2016) Mapping mineral prospectivity for cu polymetallic mineralization in Southwest Fujian Province, China. Ore Geol Rev 75:16–28
Guang ZR (2019). Deep learning-based mining and integration of deep-level mineralization information. Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry
Hinton GE, Salakhutdinov RR (2006) Reducing the dimensionality of data with neural networks. Science 313(5786):504–507
Hu W, Fu M, Pan W (2016). Primi speech recognition based on deep neural network. IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Systems. IEEE
Imamverdiyev Y, Sukhostat L (2019) Lithological facies classification using deep convolutional neural network. J Pet Sci Eng 174:216–228
Keiller N, Fadel SG, Dourado IC, Rafael DOW, Munoz JAV, Penatti OAB et al. (2017). Exploiting convnet diversity for flooding identification. IEEE Geoscience & Remote Sensing Letters
Khare N, Devan P, Chowdhary CL, Bhattacharya S, Singh G, Singh S, Yoon B (2020) SMO-DNN: spider monkey optimization and deep neural network hybrid classifier model for intrusion detection. Electronics 9(4):692
Kim S, Kojima M, Toh K-C (2016) A Lagrangian---DNN relaxation: a fast method for computing tight lower bounds for a class of quadratic optimization problems. Math Program 156(1):161–187
Kingma DP, Ba JL (2015). Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. In ICLR 2015 : International Conference on Learning Representations 2015
Krizhevsky A, Sutskever I, Hinton GE (2017) ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. Commun ACM 60(6):84–90
Lake BM, Salakhutdinov R, Tenenbaum JB (2015) Human-level concept learning through probabilistic program induction. Science 350(6266):1332–1338
Lang X, Tang J, Li Z, Huang Y, Ding F, Yang H, Xie F, Zhang L, Wang Q, Zhou Y (2014) U–Pb and re–Os geochronological evidence for the Jurassic porphyry metallogenic event of the Xiongcun district in the Gangdese porphyry copper belt, southern Tibet, PRC. J Asian Earth Sci 79:608–622
Lecun Y, Bengio Y, Hinton G (2015). Deep learning, 521(7553), 436
Leite EP, de Filho CRS (2009) Artificial neural networks applied to mineral potential mapping for copper-gold mineralizations in the Carajas Mineral Province, Brazil. Geophys Prospect 57(6):1049–1065
Li Y, Cheng X, Gui G (2018) Co-robust-ADMM-net: joint ADMM framework and DNN for robust sparse composite regularization. IEEE Access 6:47943–47952
Li, W., Chen, J. P., ;Jia, Y. L., Zhou, G. Y., Mao, X. C., & Xiao, K. Y. (2020). Three-dimensional modeling and comprehensive Metallogenic prediction of the Zaozigou gold deposit, Gansu Province Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 144–156. (in chinese)
Lou DB, Zhang CQ, Shan CD, Liu H (2019) Role of regional geochemical survey for Ge mineral prediction in Chuan-Dian-Qian Pb-Zn (Ge) metallogenic region. Acta Petrol Sin 11:3407–3428 (in chinese)
Maas AL, Qi P, Xie Z, Hannun AY, Lengerich CT, Jurafsky D, Ng AY (2017) Building dnn acoustic models for large vocabulary speech recognition. Comput Speech Lang 41:195–213
Martin L, Perron G, Masson M (2007). Discovery from 3D visualization and quantitative modelling. Proceedings of exploration 07: fifth decennial international conference on mineral exploration, 543–550
Maskey M, Ramachandran R, Miller J (2017) Deep learning for phenomena-based classification of earth science images. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 11(4):1
Pan M, Li J, Wang Z, Jin J (2009) Application of 3-D geoscience modeling Technology for the Estimation of solid mineral reserves. Acta Geologica Sinica-English Edition 83(3):655–660
Pan Y, Peng GX, Pan LY, Zhang JD (2018). Three-dimensional positioning metallogenic prediction method and system for concealed orebody. (in chinese)
Porwal A, González-Álvarez I, Markwitz V, McCuaig TC, Mamuse A (2010) Weights-of-evidence and logistic regression modeling of magmatic nickel sulfide prospectivity in the Yilgarn craton, Western Australia. Ore Geol Rev 38(3):184–196
Priya RMS, Maddikunta PKR, Parimala M, Koppu S, Gadekallu TR, Chowdhary CL, Alazab M (2020) An effective feature engineering for DNN using hybrid PCA-GWO for intrusion detection in IoMT architecture. Comput Commun 160:139–149
Ravuri S (2015). Hybrid DNN-latent structured SVM acoustic models for continuous speech recognition. In 2015 IEEE workshop on automatic speech recognition and understanding (ASRU), 37–44
Ross ZE, Meier M-A, Hauksson E (2018) P-wave arrival picking and first-motion polarity determination with deep learning. J Geophys Res 123(6):5120–5129
Saljoughi BS, Hezarkhani A (2018) A comparative analysis of artificial neural network (ANN), wavelet neural network (WNN), and support vector machine (SVM) data-driven models to mineral potential mapping for copper mineralizations in the Shahr-e-Babak region, Kerman, Iran. Applied Geomatics 10(3):229–256
Schmidhuber, Jürgen (2015) Deep learning in neural networks: an overview. Neural Netw 61:85–117
Singer DA, Kouda R (1996) Application of a feedforward neural network in the search for Kuroko deposits in the Hokuroku district, Japan. Math Geosci 28(8):1017–1023
Somayaji SRK, Alazab M, Mk M, Bucchiarone A, Chowdhary CL, Gadekallu TR (2020). A framework for prediction and storage of battery life in IoT devices using DNN and Blockchain. In 2020 IEEE Globecom workshops (GC Wkshps)
Sprague K, Kemp ED, Wong W, Mcgaughey J, Perron G, Barrie T (2006) Spatial targeting using queries in a 3-d gis environment with application to mineral exploration. Comput Geosci 32(3):396–418
Sun T, Li H, Wu K, Chen F, Hu Z (2020) Data-driven predictive modelling of mineral prospectivity using machine learning and deep learning methods: a case study from southern Jiangxi province, China. Minerals 10(2):102
Tang J, Lang X, Xie F, Gao Y, Li Z, Huang Y, … Wang Q (2015) Geological characteristics and genesis of the Jurassic no. I porphyry cu–au deposit in the Xiongcun district, Gangdese porphyry copper belt, Tibet. Ore Geol Rev 70:438–456
Wang G, Zhang S, Yan C, Song Y, Sun Y, Li D, Xu F (2011) Mineral potential targeting and resource assessment based on 3D geological modeling in Luanchuan region, China. Comput Geosci 37(12):1976–1988
Wang DH, Liu XX, Liu LJ (2015) Characteristics of geological big data and its application in the study of metallogenic regularity and metallogenic series. Mineral Deposits 34(6):1143–1154 (in chinese)
Wang L, Dai L, Li L, Liang T (2018) Multivariable cokriging prediction and source analysis of potentially toxic elements (cr, cu, cd, pb, and zn) in surface sediments from dongting lake, China. Ecological Indicators 94P1(NOV):312–319
Wang T, Qiao Y, Ding W, Mao W, Zhou Y, Gong H (2019) Improved fragment sampling for ab initio protein structure prediction using deep neural networks. Nature Machine Intelligence 1:347–355
Xiao-Lei Z, Ji W (2013) Deep belief networks based voice activity detection. IEEE Transactions on Audio Speech & Language Processing 21(4):697–710
Xie F, Tang J, Chen Y, Lang X (2018) Apatite and zircon geochemistry of Jurassic porphyries in the Xiongcun district, southern Gangdese porphyry copper belt: implications for petrogenesis and mineralization. Ore Geol Rev 96:98–114
Xiong Y, Zuo R, Carranza EJM (2018) Mapping mineral prospectivity through big data analytics and a deep learning algorithm. Ore Geol Rev 102:811–817
Xu Y, Du J, Dai L-R, Lee C-H (2014) An experimental study on speech enhancement based on deep neural networks. IEEE Signal Processing Letters 21(1):65–68
Yousefi, Mahyar (2017) Analysis of zoning pattern of geochemical indicators for targeting of porphyry-cu mineralization: a pixel-based mapping approach. Nat Resour Res 26:429–441
Yu H, Tan Z-H, Ma Z, Martin R, Guo J (2018) Spoofing detection in automatic speaker verification systems using DNN classifiers and dynamic acoustic features. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 29(10):4633–4644
Zeng G, Chen Y, Cui B, Yu S (2019) Continual learning of context-dependent processing in neural networks. Nature Machine Intelligence 1:364–372
Zhang Z, Zuo R, Xiong Y (2016) A comparative study of fuzzy weights of evidence and random forests for mapping mineral prospectivity for skarn-type Fe deposits in the southwestern Fujian metallogenic belt, China. Science China-Earth Sciences 59(3):556–572
Zuo R (2017) Machine learning of mineralization-related geochemical anomalies: a review of potential methods. Nat Resour Res 26(4):457–464
Zuo RG (2019). Mining and integration of deep-level mineralization information based on deep learning. Bull Mineral Petrol Geochem (1). (in chinese)
Zuo R, Carranza EJM (2011) Support vector machine: a tool for mapping mineral prospectivity. Comput Geosci 37(12):1967–1975
Zuo R, Xiong Y (2018) Big data analytics of identifying geochemical anomalies supported by machine learning methods. Nat Resour Res 27(1):5–13
Zuo R, Xiong Y, Wang J, Carranza EJM (2019a) Deep learning and its application in geochemical mapping. Earth Sci Rev 192:1–14
Zuo RG, Peng Y, Li T, Xiong YH (2021) Challenges of geological prospecting big data mining and integration based on deep learning. J China Univ Geosci 46(1):350 (in chinese)
Acknowledgments
National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC0604105); National Natural Science Foundation of China (42072322); Chengdu University of Technology Development Funding Program for Young and Middle-aged Key Teachers (10912-JXGG2020-06251).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, D., Zhou, Z., Han, S. et al. Deep Metallogenic prediction model construction of the Xiongcun no. II orebody based on the DNN algorithm. Multimed Tools Appl 81, 33185–33203 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-13143-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-13143-0