Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Skip to main content

Advertisement

Springer Nature Link
Log in

The analysis of convergence of the bistatic multiphoton quantum radar cross section

  • Published:
Quantum Information Processing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The quantum radar cross section (QRCS) is a vital basis for the design of quantum detection strategies and stealth structure optimization. To obtain an accurate multiphoton QRCS response, the target must have an adequate number of scatterers; otherwise, the response will be incorrect and highly distorted. However, the convergence of the QRCS under multiphoton detection is not yet clear. In this paper, we establish a change factor equation for multiphoton QRCS, which is verified by the typical warhead structure, a triangular plate of the bistatic quantum radar. Simulation results show that we can determine the asymptotic state of the response by establishing a change factor threshold. When the triangular plate is illuminated by six photons, a more appropriate threshold of change factor to obtain the most accurate bistatic multiphoton quantum radar cross section (BM-QRCS) response for all scattering angles would be \(-\,79\) dB. On this basis, we investigate the differences and connections between classical radar cross section (CRCS), monostatic multiphoton QRCS (MO-QRCS), and BM-QRCS. Furthermore, we reveal the effects of elevation and azimuthal incidence angles on the BM-QRCS. When selecting the appropriate elevation incidence angle and azimuthal incidence angle in the small photon number range, BM-QRCS exhibits the quantum advantage of mainlobe enhancement.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  1. Maini, A.K.: Handbook of Defence Electronics and Optronics: Fundamentals, Technologies and Systems, 1st edn. Wiley, Newark (2018)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  2. Knott, E.F., Shaeffer, J.F., Tuley, M.T.: Radar Cross Section, 2nd edn. SciTech Pub, Raleigh (2004)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  3. Lu, J.: Design Technology of Synthetic Aperture Radar, 1st edn. Wiley, Newark (2019)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  4. Jia, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, W., Wang, J., Liao, G.: In-band radar cross section reduction of slot array antenna. IEEE Access 6, 23561–23567 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Huaitie, X., Kang, L., Hongqi, F.: Overview of quantum radar and target detection performance. J. Nat. Univ. Defense Technol. 36(6), 140–145 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Lloyd, S.: Enhanced sensitivity of photodetection via quantum illumination. Science (Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci.) 321(5895), 1463–1465 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. Pirandola, S., Bardhan, B.R., Gehring, T., Weedbrook, C., Lloyd, S.: Advances in photonic quantum sensing. Nat. Photonics 12(12), 724–733 (2018)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. Chang, C.W.S., Vadiraj, A.M., Bourassa, J., Balaji, B., Wilson, C.M.: Quantum-enhanced noise radar. Appl. Phys. Lett. 114(11), 112601 (2019)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Usha Devi, A.R., Rajagopal, A.K.: Quantum target detection using entangled photons. Phys. Rev. A At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 79(6), 062320 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. Jiang, K., Lee, H., Gerry, C.C., Dowling, J.P.: Super-resolving quantum radar: coherent-state sources with homodyne detection suffice to beat the diffraction limit. J. Appl. Phys. 114(19), 193102 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. Giovannetti, V., Lloyd, S., Maccone, L.: Quantum-enhanced measurements: beating the standard quantum limit. Science (Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci.) 306(5700), 1330–1336 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. You, C., Nellikka, A.C., De Leon, I., Magaña-Loaiza, O.S.: Multiparticle quantum plasmonics. Nanophotonics (Berlin, Germany) 9(6), 1243–1269 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Lanzagorta, M.: Quantum Radar. Morgan & Claypool Publishers, San Rafael (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Brandsema, M.J., Narayanan, R.M., Lanzagorta, M.: Theoretical and computational analysis of the quantum radar cross section for simple geometrical targets. Quantum Inf. Process. 16(1), 1–27 (2017)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. Liu, K., Xiao, H.-T., Fan, H.-Q.: Analysis and simulation of quantum radar cross section. Chin. Phys. Lett. 31(3), 62–64 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Lanzagorta, M., Venegas-Andraca, S.: Algorithmic analysis of quantum radar cross sections, vol. 9461, pp. 946112–9461128. SPIE, Baltimore (2015)

  17. Tian, Z.-F., Wu, D., Hu, T., of Data, C., Target Engineering, Z.C. PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University: Theoretical study of single-photon quantum radar cross-section of cylindrical curved surface. Wuli Xuebao 71(3), 34204 (2022)

  18. Kun, C., Shuxin, C., Dewei, W., Xi, W., Mi, S.: Analysis of quantum radar cross section of curved surface target. Guangxué xuébào 36(12), 1227002 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Brandsema, M.J., Narayanan, R.M., Lanzagorta, M.: Electric and magnetic target polarization in quantum radar. In: Ranney, K.I., Doerry, A. (eds) vol. 10188, pp. 101880–10188010. SPIE, Anaheim (2017)

  20. Brandsema, M.J., Narayanan, R.M., Lanzagorta, M.: Analytical formulation of the quantum electromagnetic cross section, vol. 9829, pp. 98291–982918. SPIE, Baltimore (2016)

  21. Brandsema, M.J., Narayanan, R.M., Lanzagorta, M.: The effect of polarization on the quantum radar cross section response. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 53(2), 1–9 (2017)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  22. Shi-Long, X., Yi-Hua, H., Nan-Xiang, Z., Yang-Yang, W., Le, L., Li-Ren, G.: Impact of metal target’s atom lattice structure on its quantum radar cross-section. Wuli Xuebao 64(15), 154203 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Tian, Z., Wu, D., Hu, T.: Analysis of quantum radar cross-section of dihedral corner reflector. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 33(22), 1250–1253 (2021)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. Tian, Z., Wu, D., Hu, T.: Fourier expression of the quantum radar cross section of a dihedral corner reflector. IEEE Photonics J. 13(4), 1–6 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Fang, C.: The simulation and analysis of quantum radar cross section for three-dimensional convex targets. IEEE Photonics J. 10(1), 1–8 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Fang, C.: The calculation of quantum radar scattering characteristic for the 3d circular cone target. In: 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility and 2018 IEEE Asia-Pacific Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC/APEMC), Suntec City, Singapore, pp. 248–250 (2018)

  27. Fang, C.: The analysis of mainlobe-slumping quantum effect of the cube in the scattering characteristics of quantum radar. IEEE access 7, 141055–141061 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Wei, N., Zhu, S.: Analysis and simulation of quantum scattering characteristics of target based on spatial correlation, pp. 396–402. IEEE, Hangzhou (2021)

  29. Tian, Z., Wu, D., Hu, T.: Closed-form expressions and analysis for the slumping effect of a cuboid in the scattering characteristics of quantum radar. Opt. Express 29(21), 34077–34084 (2021)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. Fang, C., Tan, H., Liu, Q.-F., Tao, L., Xiao, L., Chen, Y., Hua, L.: The calculation and analysis of the bistatic quantum radar cross section for the typical 2-d plate. IEEE Photonics J. 10(2), 1–14 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Fang, C.: The closed-form expressions for the bistatic quantum radar cross section of the typical simple plates. IEEE Sens. J. 20(5), 2348–2355 (2020)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. Lanzagorta, M.: Amplification of radar and lidar signatures using quantum sensors, vol. 8734, pp. 87340–8734011. SPIE, Baltimore (2013)

  33. Tian, Z., Wu, D., Xu, Y., Zhou, X., Zhang, Y., Hu, T.: Closed-form model and analysis for the enhancement effect of a rectangular plate in the scattering characteristics of multiphoton quantum radar. Opt. Express 30(12), 20203 (2022)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hu, J., Li, H., Xia, C.: Analysis of bistatic quantum radar cross section for multi-photon illumination of typical ship structure. Quantum Inf. Process. 21(5), 179 (2022)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. Fang, C., Chen, Y., Xu, Y., Hua, L.: The analysis of change factor of the simulation of the bistatic quantum radar cross section for the typical ship structure. In: 2018 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation (APCAP), Auckland, pp. 190–193 (2018)

  36. Brandsema, M.J., Narayanan, R.M., Lanzagorta, M.: Cross section equivalence between photons and non-relativistic massive particles for targets with complex geometries. Progress Electromagn. Res. M 54, 37–46 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Dongda, Xi’an, 710129, Shaanxi, China

    Jie Hu, Huifang Li & Chenyang Xia

Authors
  1. Jie Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Huifang Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Chenyang Xia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Huifang Li.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hu, J., Li, H. & Xia, C. The analysis of convergence of the bistatic multiphoton quantum radar cross section. Quantum Inf Process 22, 370 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-023-04119-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-023-04119-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation