Abstract
In order to promote breeding programs and a full reintroduction into production of two local red-fleshed apple varieties grown in Bekran and Bastam (Iran), the evaluation of their antioxidant properties was of interest. LC-MSn based metabolic fingerprinting analyses were applied to investigate the anthocyanin content of both peel and flesh components of the fruits. Cyanidin-3-O-hexoside isomers were present in both ‘Bekran’ and ‘Bastam’ apples, whereas ‘Bekran’ apple was a valuable source of anthocyanin rutinose derivatives. Employing DPPH•, ABTS•+, and ORAC methods, the antiradical efficacy was evaluated. The ability of the investigated fruit components to scavenge OH•, and O2 •- reactive species was also assessed. ID50 values highlighted the massive antioxidant response of ‘Bekran’ peel component, able to counteract by 50 % OH•, and O2 •- at 130.3 and 91.6 μg/mL, respectively. The cytoprotective screening towards HeLa, HepG2, A549, SH-5YSY, and SK-N-BE(2)-C cell lines evidenced that the investigated Iranian red-fleshed apple fruits were able to exert a significant antioxidant response in hydrogen peroxide oxidized cell systems. Data collected suggested that the revaluation of ‘Bekran’ and ‘Bastam’ apple cultivars could represent a precious source of antioxidant compounds whose dietary intake could improve the human well-being reducing risks of free radical related chronic and degenerative diseases.
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Abbreviations
- ABTS:
-
2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt
- AAPH:
-
2,2′-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride
- DPPH:
-
2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
- LC-MS:
-
Liquid romatography mass spectrometry
- MTT:
-
3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide
- ORAC:
-
Oxygen radical absorbance capacity
- TEAC:
-
Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity
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Acknowledgments
ESI-MS spectra were obtained using a LC-TQ MS instrument of the CRdC ‘Analisi e Monitoraggio del Rischio Ambientale’ AMRA (P.O.R. 2000-2006, Misura 3.16).
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Faramarzi, S., Pacifico, S., Yadollahi, A. et al. Red-fleshed Apples: Old Autochthonous Fruits as a Novel Source of Anthocyanin Antioxidants. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 70, 324–330 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-015-0497-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-015-0497-2