Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Skip to main content

Cluster at the Magnetospheric Cusps

  • Published:
Space Science Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • André, M., G. B. Crew, W. K. Peterson, A. M. Persoon, and C. J. Pollock: 1990, ‘Ion heating by broadband low-frequency waves in the cusp/cleft’. J. Geophys. Res. 95(14), 20809–20823.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • André, M., P. Norqvist, L. Andersson, L. Eliasson, A. I. Eriksson, L. Blomberg, R. E. Erlandson, and J.Waldemark: 1998, ‘Ion energization mechanisms at 1700 km in the auroral region’. J. Geophys. Res. 103(12), 4199–4222.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • André, M. and A. Yau: 1997, ‘Theories and Observations of Ion Energization and Outflow in the High Latitude Magnetosphere’. Space Sci. Rev. 80, 27–48.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Avanov, L. A., S. A. Fuselier, and O. L. Vaisberg: 2001, ‘High-latitude magnetic reconnection in sub-Alfvénic flow: Interball tail observations on May 29, 1996’. J. Geophys. Res. (15), 29491–29502.

  • Bahnsen, A., N. Dangelo, and A. M. Hansen: 1975, ‘On double current layers in the polar cusp’. J. Geophys. Res. 80(9), 201.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bogdanova, Y. V., A. N. Fazakerley, C. J. Owen, B. Klecker, N. Cornilleau-Wehrlin, B. Grison, M. André, P. Cargill, H. Réme, J. M. Bosqued, L. M. Kistler, and A. Balogh: 2004a, ‘Correlation between suprathermal electron bursts, BBELF waves and ion heating in the mid-altitude cleft/LLBL observed by Cluster’. J. Geophys. Res. 109, accepted.

  • Bogdanova, Y. V., A. N. Fazakerley, C. J. Owen, B. Klecker, H. Réme, M. Dunlop, and A. Balogh: 2004b, ‘Cleft/LLBL topology derived from Cluster multi-point measurements’. In: IUGG 2003 Proceedings, in preparation.

  • Bogdanova, Y. V., B. Klecker, G. Paschmann, L. M. Kistler, C. Mouikis, E. Moebius, H. Réme, J. M. Bosqued, I. Dandouras, J. A. Sauvaud, N. Cornilleau-Wehrlin, H. Laakso, A. Korth, M. B. Bavassano.Cattaneo, T. Phan, C. Carlson, G. Parks, J. P. McFadden, M. McCarthy, and R. Lundin: 2004c, ‘Investigation of the source region of ionospheric oxygen outflow in the cleft/cusp using multi-spacecraft observations by CIS onboard Cluster’. Adv. Space. Res. 34(11), 2459–2646.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosqued, J. M., J. A. Sauvaud, H. Reme, J. Crasnier, and I. I. Galperin: 1985, ‘Evidence for ion energy dispersion in the polar cusp related to a northward-directed IMF’. Adv. Space. Res. 5, 149–153.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouhram, M., B. Klecker, G. Paschmann, H. Réme, A. Blagau, L. Kistler, P. Puhl-Quinn, and J.-A. Sauvaud: 2004, ‘Multipoint analysis of the spatio-temporal coherence of dayside O+ outflows with Cluster’. Ann. Geophys. 22, 2507–2514.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cargill, P. J., M. W. Dunlop, B. Lavraud, R. C. Elphic, D. L. Holland, K. Nykyri, A. Balogh, I. M. Dandouras, and H. Réme: 2004, ‘CLUSTER encounters with the high altitude cusp: boundary structure and magnetic field depletions’. Ann. Geophys. 22, 1739–1754.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chandler, M. O., S. A. Fuselier, M. Lockwood, and T. E. Moore: 1999, ‘Evidence of component merging equatorward of the cusp’. J. Geophys. Res. 104(13), 22623–22634.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, S. and V. Ferraro: 1930, ‘A new theory of magnetic storms’. Nature 126, 129–130.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cowley, S. W. H., J. P. Morelli, and M. Lockwood: 1991, ‘Dependence of convective flows and particle precipitation in the high-latitude dayside ionosphere on the X and Y components of the interplanetary magnetic field’. J. Geophys. Res. 96(15), 5557–5564.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunlop, M. W., A. Balogh, and K.-H. Glassmeier: 2002, ‘Four-point Cluster application of magnetic field analysis tools: The discontinuity analyzer’. J. Geophys. Res. 107, 1385, doi:10.1029/2001JA005089.

  • Dunlop, M. W., P. J. Cargill, T. J. Stubbs, and P. Woolliams: 2000, ‘The high-altitude cusps: HEOS Dunlop, M. W., B. Lavraud, P. J. Cargill, M. G. G. T. Taylor, A. Balogh, H. Réme, P. Décreau, K.-H. Glassmeier, R. C. Elphic, J.-M. Bosqued, A. Fazakerley, I. Dandouras, and A. Marchaudon: 2004, ‘Cluster observations of the cusp: magnetic structure and dynamics’. Surv. Geophys. in press.

  • Eastman, T. E., S. A. Boardsen, S.-H. Chen, S. F. Fung, and R. L. Kessel: 2000, ‘Configuration of high-latitude and high-altitude boundary layers’. J. Geophys. Res. (14), 23221–23238.

  • Escoubet, C. P., J. M. Bosqued, J. Berchem, J. Baker, P. C. Anderson, M. Fehringer, H. Laakso, M. Taylor, M. Dunlop, H. Réme, Y. Bogdanova, B. Klecker, P. Puhl-Quinn, A. Fazakerley, J. C. 2001’. Ann. Geophys. submitted.

  • Escoubet, C. P., M. F. Smith, S. F. Fung, P. C. Anderson, R. A. Hoffman, E. M. Basinska, and J. M. Bosqued: 1992, ‘Staircase ion signature in the polar cusp - A case study’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 1735–1738.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, L. A.: 1971, ‘Plasma in the Earth’s polar magnetosphere’. J. Geophys. Res. 76, 5202.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Frey, H. U., T. D. Phan, S. A. Fuselier, and S. B. Mende: 2003, ‘Continuous magnetic reconnection at Earth’s magnetopause’. Nature 426, 533–537.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuselier, S. A., K. J. Trattner, and S. M. Petrinec: 2000, ‘Cusp observations of high- and low-latitude reconnection for northward interplanetary magnetic field’. J. Geophys. Res. (14), 253–266.

  • Gosling, J. T., M. F. Thomsen, S. J. Bame, R. C. Elphic, and C. T. Russell: 1990, ‘Plasma flow reversals at the dayside magnetopause and the origin of asymmetric polar cap convection’. J. Geophys. Res. 95(14), 8073–8084.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, J. T., M. F. Thomsen, S. J. Bame, R. C. Elphic, and C. T. Russell: 1991, ‘Observations of reconnection of interplanetary and lobe magnetic field lines at the high-latitude magnetopause’. J. Geophys. Res. 96(15), 14097.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Grison, B., F. Sahraoui, B. Lavraud, T. Chust, N. Cornilleau-Wehrlin, H. Réme, and A. Balogh: 2004, ‘Wave particle interactions in the distant polar cusp: A Cluster case study’. Ann. Geophys. submitted.

  • Gurnett, D. A. and L. A. Frank: 1978, ‘Plasma waves in the polar cusp - Observations from Hawkeye 1’. J. Geophys. Res. 83(12), 1447–1462.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Haerendel, G.: 1978, ‘Microscopic plasma processes related to reconnection’. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 40, 343–353.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Haerendel, G., G. Paschmann, N. Sckopke, and H. Rosenbauer: 1978, ‘The frontside boundary layer of the magnetosphere and the problem of reconnection’. J. Geophys. Res. 83(12), 3195–3216.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Heikkila, W. J. and J. D. Winningham: 1971, ‘Penetration of magnetosheath plasma to low altitudes through the dayside magnetospheric cusps’. J. Geophys. Res. 76, 883.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Holland, D. L., K. Nykyri, P. J. Cargill, M. W. Dunlop, B. Lavraud, E. A. Lucek, T. S. Horbury, A. Balogh, I. Dandouras, H. Réme, Y. Bogdanova, M. G. G. T. Taylor, and A. Fazakerley: 2004, ‘The cusp during a period of weak northward IMF: The Cluster encounter on March 17 2001’. Ann. Geophys. submitted.

  • Kessel, R. L., S.-H. Chen, J. L. Green, S. F. Fung, S. A. Boardsen, L. C. Tan, T. E. Eastman, J. D. Craven, and L. A. Frank: 1996, ‘Evidence of high-latitude reconnecting during northward IMF: Hawkeye observations’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 583–586.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lavraud, B. and P. J. Cargill: 2005, ‘Cluster reveals magnetospheric cusps’. Astronomy and Geophysics 46, in press.

  • Lavraud, B., M. W. Dunlop, T. D. Phan, H. Rème, J.-M. Bosqued, I. Dandouras, J.-A. Sauvaud, R. Lundin, M. G. G. T. Taylor, P. J. Cargill, C. Mazelle, C. P. Escoubet, C. W. Carlson, J. P. McFadden, G. K. Parks, E. Moebius, L. M. Kistler, M.-B. Bavassano-Cattaneo, A. Korth, B. Klecker, and A. Balogh: 2002, ‘Cluster observations of the exterior cusp and its surrounding boundaries under northward IMF’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 56–1.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lavraud, B., A. Fedorov, E. Budnik, A. Grigoriev, P. J. Cargill, M. W. Dunlop, H. Rème, I. Dandouras, and A. Balogh: 2004a, ‘Cluster survey of the high-altitude cusp properties: A three-year statistical study’. Ann. Geophys. 22(8), 3009–3019.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lavraud, B., A. Fedorov, E. Budnik, M. F. Thomsen, A. Grigoriev, P. J. Cargill, M. W. Dunlop, H. Rème, I. Dandouras, and A. Balogh: 2005, ‘High-altitude cusp flow dependence on IMF orientation: A three-year Cluster statistical study’. J. Geophys. Res. 110, in press.

  • Lavraud, B., T. D. Phan, M.W. Dunlop, M. G. G. T. Taylor, P. J. Cargill, J.-M. Bosqued, I. Dandouras, H. Rème, J.-A. Sauvaud, C. P. Escoubet, A. Balogh, and A. Fazakerley: 2004b, ‘The exterior cusp and its boundary with the magnetosheath under northward IMF: Cluster multi-event analysis’. Ann. Geophys. 22(8), 3039–3054.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lavraud, B., H. Rème, M. W. Dunlop, J. M. Bosqued, I. Dandouras, J.-A. Sauvaud, A. Keiling, T. D. Phan, R. Lundin, P. J. Cargill, C. P. Escoubet, C. W. Carlson, J. P. McFadden, G. K. Parks, E. Moebius, L. M. Kistler, E. Amata, M.-B. Bavassano-Cattaneo, A. Korth, B. Klecker, and A. Balogh: 2004c, ‘Cluster observes the high-altitude cusp region’. Surv. Geophys. in press.

  • Le, G., X. Blanco-Cano, C. T. Russell, X.-W. Zhou, F. Mozer, K. J. Trattner, S. A. Fuselier, and B. J. Anderson: 2001, ‘Electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in the high altitude cusp: Polar observations’. J. Geophys. Res. (15), 19067–19080.

  • Lockwood, M., S. W. H. Cowley, P. E. Sandholt, and U. P. Løvhaug: 1995, ‘Causes of plasma flow bursts and dayside auroral transients: An evaluation of two models invoking reconnection pulses and changes in the Y component of the magnetosheath field’. J. Geophys. Res. 100(9), 7613–7626.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood, M. and M. F. Smith: 1992, ‘The variation of reconnection rate at the dayside magnetopause and cusp ion precipitation’. J. Geophys. Res. 97(16), 14841.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood, M. and M. F. Smith: 1994, ‘Low and middle altitude cusp particle signatures for general magnetopause reconnection rate variations. 1: Theory’. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 8531–8553.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood, M., J. H.Waite, T. E. Moore, C. R. Chappell, and J. F. E. Johnson: 1985, ‘A new source of suprathermal O+ ions near the dayside polar cap boundary’. J. Geophys. Res. 90(9), 4099–4116.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Marchaudon, A., J. Cerisier, J. Bosqued, M. Dunlop, J. Wild, P. Décréau, M. Forster, D. Fontaine, and H. Laakso: 2004, ‘Transient plasma injections in the dayside magnetosphere: one-to-one correlated observations by Cluster and SuperDARN’. Ann. Geophys. 22, 141–158.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, T. E., R. Lundin, D. Alcayde, M. André, S. B. Ganguli, M. Temerin, and A. Yau: 1999, ‘Chapter 2-Source Processes in the High-Latitude Ionosphere’. Space Sci. Rev. 88, 7–84.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, T. E., C. J. Pollock, R. L. Arnoldy, and P. M. Kintner: 1986, ‘Preferential O(+) heating in the topside ionosphere’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 901–904.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Newell, P. T. and C. Meng: 1988, ‘The cusp and the cleft/boundary layer - Low-altitude identification and statistical local time variation’. J. Geophys. Res. 93(12), 14549–14556.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Newell, P. T. and C. Meng: 1994, ‘Comment on “Unexpected features of the ion precipitation in the so-called cleft/low-latitude boundary layer region: Association with sunward convection and occurrence on open field lines” by A. Nishida, T. Mukai, H. Hayakawa, A. Matsuoka, K. Tsuruda, N. Kaya, and H. Fukunishi’. J. Geophys. Res. 99(18), 19609–19614.

  • Newell, P. T., C. Meng, D. G. Sibeck, and R. Lepping: 1989, ‘Some low-altitude cusp dependencies on the interplanetary magnetic field’. J. Geophys. Res. 94(13), 8921–8927.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, H., S. Joko, R. Lundin, H. Réme, J.-A. Sauvaud, I. Dandouras, A. Balogh, L. M. Carr, L. M. Kistler, B. Klecker, C.W. Carlson, M. B. Bavassano-Cattaneo, and A. Korth: 2004, ‘The structure of high altitude O+ energization and outflow: a case study’. Ann. Geophys. 22, 2497–2506.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Norqvist, P., T. Oscarsson, M. André, and L. Blomberg: 1998, ‘Isotropic and perpendicular energization of oxygen ions at energies below 1 eV’. J. Geophys. Res. 103(12), 4223–4240.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Nykyri, K., P. J. Cargill, E. Lucek, T. Horbury, B. Lavraud, A. Balogh, M.W. Dunlop, Y. Bogdanova, A. Fazakerley, I. M. Dandouras, and H. Réme: 2004, ‘Cluster observations of magnetic field fluctuations in the high-altitude cusp’. Ann. Geophys. 22(7), 2413–2429.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Nykyri, K., P. J. Cargill, E. A. Lucek, T. S. Horbury, A. Balogh, B. Lavraud, I. Dandouras, and H. Réme: 2003, ‘Ion cyclotron waves in the high altitude cusp: CLUSTER observations at varying spacecraft separations’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 2263, doi:10.1029/2003GL018594.

  • Øieroset, M., P. E. Sandholt, W. F. Denig, and S. W. H. Cowley: 1997, ‘Northward interplanetary magnetic field cusp aurora and high-latitude magnetopause reconnection’. J. Geophys. Res. 102(11), 11349–11362.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Onsager, T. G., C. A. Kletzing, J. B. Austin, and H. Mackiernan: 1993, ‘Model of magnetosheath plasma in the magnetosphere - Cusp and mantle particles at low-altitudes’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 479–482.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Onsager, T. G. and M. Lockwood: 1997, ‘High-Latitude Particle Precipitation and its Relationship to Magnetospheric Source Regions’. Space Sci. Rev. 80, 77–107.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Paschmann, G., G. Haerendel, N. Sckopke, H. Rosenbauer, and P. C. Hedgecock: 1976, ‘Plasma and magnetic field characteristics of the distant polar cusp near local noon - The entry layer’. J. Geophys. Res. 81(10), 2883–2899.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Petrinec, S. M., K. J. Trattner, and S. A. Fuselier: 2003, ‘Steady reconnection during intervals of northward IMF: Implications for magnetosheath properties’. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 1458, doi:10.1029/2003JA009979.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phan, T., H. U. Frey, S. Frey, L. Peticolas, S. Fuselier, C. Carlson, H. Rème, J.-M. Bosqued, A. Balogh, M. Dunlop, L. Kistler, C. Mouikis, I. Dandouras, J.-A. Sauvaud, S. Mende, J. Mc-Fadden, G. Parks, E. Moebius, B. Klecker, G. Paschmann, M. Fujimoto, S. Petrinec, M. F. Marcucci, A. Korth, and R. Lundin: 2003, ‘Simultaneous Cluster and IMAGE observations of cusp reconnection and auroral proton spot for northward IMF’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 1509, doi:10.1029/2003GL016885.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Phan, T. D., C. P. Escoubet, L. Rezeau, R. Treumann, A. Vaivads, G. Paschmann, S. A. Fuselier, D. Attié, B. Rogers, and B. U. Ö. Sonnerup: 2005, ‘Magnetopause Processes’. Space Sci. Rev. this issue.

  • Phan, T.-D., G. Paschmann, W. Baumjohann, N. Sckopke, and H. Luehr: 1994, ‘The magnetosheath region adjacent to the dayside magnetopause: AMPTE/IRM observations’. J. Geophys. Res. 99(18), 121–141.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pickett, J. S., J. R. Fränz, J. D. Scudder, J. D. Menietti, D. A. Gurnett, G. B. Hospodarsky, R. M. Braunger, P. M. Kintner, and W. S. Kurth: 2001, ‘Plasma waves observed in the cusp turbulent boundary layer: An analysis of high time resolution wave and particle measurements from the Polar spacecraft’. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 19081–19100.

  • Pickett, J. S., J. D. Menietti, J. H. Dowell, D. A. Gurnett, and J. D. Scudder: 1999, ‘Polar spacecraft observations of the turbulent outer cusp/magnetopause boundary layer of Earth’. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 6, 195–204.

  • Pinçon, J. L. and F. Lefeuvre: 1991, ‘Local characterization of homogeneous turbulence in a space plasma from simultaneous measurements of field components at several points in space’. J. Geophys. Res. 96(15), 1789–1802.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinçon, J. L. and U. Motschmann: 1998, ‘Multi-Spacecraft Filtering: General Framework’. In: G. Paschmann and P. W. Daly (eds.): Analysis Methods for Multi-Spacecraft Data, ISSI SR-001. ESA Publications Division, pp. 65–78.

  • Pitout, F., C. P. Escoubet, H., and A. Balogh: 2004, ‘Cluster survey of the mid-altitude cusp: Pitout, F., P. T. Newell, and S. C. Buchert: 2002, ‘Simultaneous high- and low-latitude reconnection: ESR and DMSP observations’. Ann. Geophys. 20, 1311–1320.

  • Pottelette, R., M. Malingre, N. Dubouloz, B. Aparicio, and R. Lundin: 1990, ‘High-frequency waves in the cusp/cleft regions’. J. Geophys. Res. 95(14), 5957–5971.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiff, P. H., J. L. Burch, and T. W. Hill: 1977, ‘Solar wind plasma injection at the dayside magnetospheric cusp’. J. Geophys. Res. 82, 479–491.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiff, P. H., R. W. Spiro, and J. L. Burch: 1980, ‘Cusp proton signatures and the interplanetary magnetic field’. J. Geophys. Res. 85, 5997–6005.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ronmark, K.: 1982, ‘WHAMP: Waves in homogeneous anisotropic multicomponent plasmas’. Report 179, Kiruna Geophys. Inst., Kiruna, Sweden.

  • Rosenbauer, H., H. Gruenwaldt, M. D. Montgomery, G. Paschmann, and N. Sckopke: 1975, ‘Heos 2 plasma observations in the distant polar magnetosphere - The plasma mantle’. J. Geophys. Res. 80(9), 2723–2737.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, C. T., G. Le, and S. M. Petrinec: 2000, ‘Cusp observations of high-and low-latitude reconnection for northward IMF: An alternative view’. J. Geophys. Res. (14), 5489–5496.

  • Sahraoui, F., J. L. Pinçon, G. Belmont, L. Rezeau, N. Cornilleau-Wehrlin, P. Robert, L. Mellul, J. M. Bosqued, A. Balogh, P. Canu, and G. Chanteur: 2003, ‘ULF wave identification in the magnetosheath: The k-filtering technique applied to Cluster II data’. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 1335, doi:10.1029/2002JA009587.

  • Sandholt, P. E., C. J. Farrugia, S. W. H. Cowley, and M. Lester: 2001, ‘Dayside auroral bifurcation sequence during By-dominated interplanetary magnetic field: Relationship with merging and lobe convection cells’. J. Geophys. Res. (15), 15429–15444.

  • Sandholt, P. E., C. J. Farrugia, J. Moen, S. W. H. Cowley, and B. Lybekk: 1998, ‘Dynamics of the aurora and associated convection currents during a cusp bifurcation event’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 4313–4316.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Savin, S., L. Zelenyi, S. Romanov, I. Sandahl, J. Pickett, E. Amata, L. Avanov, J. Blecki, E. Budnik, J. Buchner, C. Cattell, G. Consolini, J. Fedder, S. Fuselier, H. Kawano, S. Klimov, V. Korepanov, D. Lagoutte, F. Marcucci, M. Mogilevsky, Z. Nemecek, B. Nikutowski, M. Nozdrachev, M. Parrot, J. Rauch, V. Romanov, T. Romantsova, C. Russell, J. Safrankova, J. Sauvaud, A. Skalsky, V. Smirnov, K. Stasiewicz, J. Trotignon, and Y. Yermolaev: 2004, ‘Magnetosheath-cusp interface’. Ann. Geophys. 22, 183–212.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Shelley, E. G., R. D. Sharp, and R. G. Johnson: 1976, ‘He++ and H+ flux measurements in the day side cusp - Estimates of convection electric field’. J. Geophys. Res. 81, 2363–2370.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Shue, J.-H., J. K. Chao, H. C. Fu, C. T. Russell, P. Song, K. K. Khurana, and H. J. Singer: 1997, ‘A new functional form to study the solar wind control of the magnetopause size and shape’. J. Geophys. Res. 102(11), 9497–9512.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. F. and M. Lockwood: 1990, ‘The pulsating cusp’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 1069–1072.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. F. and M. Lockwood: 1996, ‘Earth’s magnetospheric cusps’. Reviews of Geophysics 34, 233–260.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Spreiter, J. R., A. L. Summers, and A. Y. Alksne: 1966, ‘Hydromagnetic flow around the magnetosphere’. Planet. Space Sci. 14, 223.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, M. G. G. T. and P. J. Cargill: 2002, ‘A magnetohydrodynamic model of plasma flow in the high-altitude cusp’. J. Geophys. Res. 107, 1084, doi:10.1029/2001JA900159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trattner, K. J., S. A. Fuselier, W. K. Peterson, and C. W. Carlson: 2002, ‘Spatial features observed in the cusp under steady solar wind conditions’. J. Geophys. Res. 107, 1288, doi:10.1029/2001JA000262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trattner, K. J., S. A. Fuselier, W. K. Peterson, J.-A. Sauvaud, H. Stenuit, N. Dubouloz, and R. A. Kovrazhkin: 1999, ‘On spatial and temporal structures in the cusp’. J. Geophys. Res. 104(13), 28411.

  • Tsyganenko, N. A.: 1989, ‘A magnetospheric magnetic field model with a warped tail current sheet’. Planet. Space Sci. 37, 5–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsyganenko, N. A. and D. P. Stern: 1996, ‘Modeling the global magnetic field of the large-scale Birkeland current systems’. J. Geophys. Res. 101(10), 27187–27198.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaith, H., G. Paschmann, J. M. Quinn, M. Forster, E. Georgescu, S. E. Haaland, B. Klecker, C. A. Kletzing, P. A. Puhl-Quinn, H. Réme, and R. B. Torbert: 2004, ‘Plasma convection across the polar cap, plasma mantle and cusp: Cluster EDI observations’. Ann. Geophys. 22, 2451–2461.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vasyliunas, V. M.: 1995, ‘Multiple-branch model of the open magnetopause’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 1145–1147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vontrat-Reberac, A., J. M. Bosqued, M. G. G. T. Taylor, B. Lavraud, D. Fontaine, M. W. Dunlop, H. Laakso, N. Cornilleau-Werhlin, P. Canu, and A. Fazakerley: 2003, ‘Cluster observations of the high-altitude cusp for northward interplanetary magnetic field: A case study’. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 1346, doi:10.1029/2002JA009717.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walters, G. K.: 1966, ‘On the Existence of a Second Standing Shock Wave Attached to the Magnetosphere’. J. Geophys. Res. 71(10), 1341.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wing, S., P. T. Newell, and J. M. Ruohoniemi: 2001, ‘Double cusp: Model prediction and observational verification’. J. Geophys. Res. 106(15), 25571–25594.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Woch, J. and R. Lundin: 1992a, ‘Erratum: “Magnetosheath plasma precipitation in the polar cusp and its control by the interplanetary magnetic field”. J. Geophys. Res. 97(16), 3225–3225.

  • Woch, J. and R. Lundin: 1992b, ‘Magnetosheath plasma precipitation in the polar cusp and its control by the interplanetary magnetic field’. J. Geophys. Res. 97(16), 1421–1430.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamauchi, M. and R. Lundin: 2001, ‘Comparison of various cusp models with high- and lowresolution observations’. Space Sci. Rev. 95, 457–468.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamauchi, M., H. Nilsson, L. Eliasson, O. Norberg, M. Boehm, J. H. Clemmons, R. P. Lepping, L. Blomberg, S.-I. Ohtani, T. Yamamoto, T. Mukai, T. Terasawa, and S. Kokubun: 1996, ‘Dynamic response of the cusp morphology to the solar wind: A case study during passage of the solar wind plasma cloud on February 21, 1994’. J. Geophys. Res. 101(10), 24675–24688.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, X. W. and C. T. Russell: 1997, ‘The location of the high-latitude polar cusp and the shape of the surrounding magnetopause’. J. Geophys. Res. 102(11), 105–110.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, X.-W., C. T. Russell, G. Le, S. A. Fuselier, and J. D. Scudder: 1999, ‘The polar cusp location and its dependence on dipole tilt’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 429–432.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Cargill, P.J., Lavraud, B., Owen, C.J. et al. Cluster at the Magnetospheric Cusps. Space Sci Rev 118, 321–366 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-005-3835-0

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-005-3835-0

Keywords