Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Properties of Energetic Ions in the Solar Atmosphere from γ-Ray and Neutron Observations

  • Published:
Space Science Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Gamma-rays and neutrons are the only sources of information on energetic ions present during solar flares and on properties of these ions when they interact in the solar atmosphere. The production of γ-rays and neutrons results from convolution of the nuclear cross-sections with the ion distribution functions in the atmosphere. The observed γ-ray and neutron fluxes thus provide useful diagnostics for the properties of energetic ions, yielding strong constraints on acceleration mechanisms as well as properties of the interaction sites. The problem of ion transport between the accelerating and interaction sites must also be addressed to infer as much information as possible on the properties of the primary ion accelerator. In the last couple of decades, both theoretical and observational developments have led to substantial progress in understanding the origin of solar γ-rays and neutrons. This chapter reviews recent developments in the study of solar γ-rays and of solar neutrons at the time of the RHESSI era. The unprecedented quality of the RHESSI data reveals γ-ray line shapes for the first time and provides γ-ray images. Our previous understanding of the properties of energetic ions based on measurements from the former solar cycles is also summarized. The new results—obtained owing both to the gain in spectral resolution (both with RHESSI and with the non solar-dedicated INTEGRAL/SPI instrument) and to the pioneering imaging technique in the γ-ray domain—are presented in the context of this previous knowledge. Still open questions are emphasized in the last section of the chapter and future perspectives on this field are briefly discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • V.V. Akimov, V.G. Afanasev, A.S. Belousov, I.D. Blokhintsev, V.A. Volzhenskaya, L.F. Kalinkin, N.G. Leikov, V.E. Nesterov, A.M. Galper, S.A. Voronov, V.M. Zemskov, V.G. Kirillov-Ugryumov, B.I. Luchkov, Y.V. Ozerov, A.V. Popov, V.A. Rudko, M.F. Runtso, V.Y. Chesnokov, L.V. Kurnosova, M.A. Rusakovich, N.P. Topchiev, M.I. Fradkin, E.I. Chuikin, V.Y. Tugaenko, T.N. Tian, V.I. Ishkov, M. Gros, I. Grenier, E. Barouch, P. Wallin, A.R. Baser-Bachi, J.M. Lavigne, J.F. Olive, J. Juchniewicz, Sov. Astron. Lett. 18, 69 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Alexander, P.P. Dunphy, A.L. MacKinnon, Sol. Phys. 151, 147 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Asplund, N. Grevesse, A.J. Sauval, in Cosmic Abundances as Records of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis, ed. by T.G. Barnes III, F.N. Bash. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, vol. 336 (2005), p. 25

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Barat, G. Trottet, N. Vilmer, J. Dezalay, R. Talon, R. Sunyaev, O. Terekhov, A. Kuznetsov, Astrophys. J. 425, L109 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.W. Bieber, J. Clem, P. Evenson, R. Pyle, D. Ruffolo, A. Sáiz, Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, 3 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Biermann, O. Haxel, A. Schlüter, Z. Naturforsch. Teil A 6, 47 (1951)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.W. Brosius, Astrophys. J. 555, 435 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.C. Brown, R. Turkmani, E.P. Kontar, A.L. MacKinnon, L. Vlahos, Astron. Astrophys. 508, 993 (2009)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.C. Canfield, C.-R. Chang, Astrophys. J. 295, 275 (1985)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E.L. Chupp, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 22, 359 (1984)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E.L. Chupp, in American Institute of Physics Conference Series, vol. 374, ed. by R. Ramaty, N. Mandzhavidze, X.-M. Hua (1996), p. 3

    Google Scholar 

  • E.L. Chupp, H. Debrunner, E. Flueckiger, D.J. Forrest, F. Golliez, G. Kanbach, W.T. Vestrand, J. Cooper, G. Share, Astrophys. J. 318, 913 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E.L. Chupp, P.P. Dunphy, in High Energy Solar Physics Workshop - Anticipating HESSI, ed. by R. Ramaty, N. Mandzhavidze. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, vol. 206 (2000), p. 400

    Google Scholar 

  • E.L. Chupp, J.M. Ryan, Res. Astron. Astrophys. 9, 11 (2009)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E.L. Chupp, D.J. Forrest, P.R. Higbie, A.N. Suri, C. Tsai, P.P. Dunphy, Nature 241, 333 (1973)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E.L. Chupp, D.J. Forrest, J.M. Ryan, M.L. Cherry, C. Reppin, G. Kanbach, E. Rieger, K. Pinkau, G.H. Share, R.L. Kinzer, Astrophys. J. 244, L171 (1981)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E.L. Chupp, D.J. Forrest, J.M. Ryan, J. Heslin, C. Reppin, K. Pinkau, G. Kanbach, E. Rieger, G.H. Share, Astrophys. J. 263, L95 (1982)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E.L. Chupp, G. Trottet, H. Marschhauser, M. Pick, L. Soru-Escaut, E. Rieger, P.P. Dunphy, Astron. Astrophys. 275, 602 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E.W. Cliver, N.B. Crosby, B.R. Dennis, Astrophys. J. 426, 767 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Dauphin, N. Vilmer, Astron. Astrophys. 468, 289 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Debrunner, E.O. Flückiger, P. Stein, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A, Accel. Spectrom. Detect. Assoc. Equip. 278, 573 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Debrunner, J.A. Lockwood, C. Barat, R. Buetikofer, J.P. Dezalay, E. Flueckiger, A. Kuznetsov, J.M. Ryan, R. Sunyaev, O.V. Terekhov, G. Trottet, N. Vilmer, Astrophys. J. 479, 997 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Debrunner, J.A. Lockwood, J.M. Ryan, Astrophys. J. 409, 822 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B.L. Dingus, P. Sreekumar, D.L. Bertsch, C.E. Fichtel, R.C. Hartman, S.D. Hunter, D.J. Thompson, E.J. Schneid, K.T.S. Brazier, G. Kanbach, C. von Montigny, H.A. Mayer-Hasselwander, Y.C. Lin, P.F. Michelson, P.L. Nolan, D.A. Kniffen, J.R. Mattox, in High-Energy Solar Phenomena - a New Era of Spacecraft Measurements, ed. by J. Ryan, W.T. Vestrand. American Institute of Physics Conference Series, vol. 294 (1994), p. 177

    Google Scholar 

  • J.J. Drake, P. Testa, Nature 436, 525 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • W. Droege, D. Ruffolo, B. Klecker, Astrophys. J. 464, L87+ (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.P. Dunphy, in International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 6 (1999), p. 9

    Google Scholar 

  • P.P. Dunphy, E.L. Chupp, in International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 3 (1991), p. 65

    Google Scholar 

  • P.P. Dunphy, E.L. Chupp, in Particle Acceleration in Cosmic Plasmas, ed. by G.P. Zank, T.K. Gaisser. American Institute of Physics Conference Series, vol. 264 (1992), p. 253

    Google Scholar 

  • P.P. Dunphy, E.L. Chupp, D.L. Bertsch, E.J. Schneid, S.R. Gottesman, G. Kanbach, Sol. Phys. 187, 45 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.G. Emslie, J.C. Brown, A.L. MacKinnon, Astrophys. J. 485, 430 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.G. Emslie, H. Kucharek, B.R. Dennis, N. Gopalswamy, G.D. Holman, G.H. Share, A. Vourlidas, T.G. Forbes, P.T. Gallagher, G.M. Mason, T.R. Metcalf, R.A. Mewaldt, R.J. Murphy, R.A. Schwartz, T.H. Zurbuchen, Journal of Geophysical Research (Space). Physics 109, 10104 (2004a)

    Google Scholar 

  • A.G. Emslie, J.A. Miller, J.C. Brown, Astrophys. J. 602, L69 (2004b)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Evenson, R. Kroeger, P. Meyer, D. Reames, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 73, 273 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Evenson, P. Meyer, K.R. Pyle, Astrophys. J. 274, 875 (1983)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • W.C. Feldman, D.J. Lawrence, J.O. Goldsten, R.E. Gold, D.N. Baker, D.K. Haggerty, G.C. Ho, S. Krucker, R.P. Lin, R.A. Mewaldt, R.J. Murphy, L.R. Nittler, E.A. Rhodes, J.A. Slavin, S.C. Solomon, R.D. Starr, F. Vilas, A. Vourlidas, J. Geophys. Res. 115, 1102 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • N.M. Firstova, V.I. Polyakov, A.V. Firstova, Sol. Phys. 249, 53 (2008)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.D. Fleishman, E.P. Kontar, Astrophys. J. 709, L127 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Fletcher, H.S. Hudson, Astrophys. J. 675, 1645 (2008)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.J. Forrest, in Positron-Electron Pairs in Astrophysics, ed. by R. Ramaty. American Institute of Physics Conference Series, vol. 101 (1983), p. 3

    Google Scholar 

  • D.J. Forrest, W.T. Vestrand, E.L. Chupp, E. Rieger, J.F. Cooper, G.H. Share, in International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 4, ed. by F.C. Jones, (1985), p. 146

    Google Scholar 

  • A.H. Gabriel, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A, Math. Phys. Sci. 281, 339 (1976)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • W.Q. Gan, Adv. Space Res. 35, 1833 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Gros, V. Tatischeff, J. Kiener, B. Cordier, C. Chapuis, G. Weidenspointner, G. Vedrenne, A. von Kienlin, R. Diehl, A. Bykov, M.N. Méndez, in 5th INTEGRAL Workshop on the INTEGRAL Universe, ed. by V. Schoenfelder, G. Lichti, C. Winkler. ESA Special Publication, vol. 552 (2004), p. 669

    Google Scholar 

  • M.J. Harris, V. Tatischeff, J. Kiener, M. Gros, G. Weidenspointner, Astron. Astrophys. 461, 723 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.C. Henoux, G. Chambe, D. Smith, D. Tamres, N. Feautrier, M. Rovira, S. Sahal-Brechot, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 73, 303 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Holman et al., Space Sci. Rev. (2011, this issue). doi:10.1007/s11214-010-9680-9

  • X. Hua, R.E. Lingenfelter, Sol. Phys. 113, 229 (1987a)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • X.-M. Hua, R.E. Lingenfelter, Sol. Phys. 107, 351 (1987b)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • X. Hua, R. Ramaty, R.E. Lingenfelter, Astrophys. J. 341, 516 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • X. Hua, B. Kozlovsky, R.E. Lingenfelter, R. Ramaty, A. Stupp, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 140, 563 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H.S. Hudson, T. Bai, D.E. Gruber, J.L. Matteson, P.L. Nolan, L.E. Peterson, Astrophys. J. 236, L91 (1980)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Hulot, N. Vilmer, E.L. Chupp, B.R. Dennis, S.R. Kane, Astron. Astrophys. 256, 273 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Hulot, N. Vilmer, G. Trottet, Astron. Astrophys. 213, 383 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.J. Hurford, E.J. Schmahl, R.A. Schwartz, A.J. Conway, M.J. Aschwanden, A. Csillaghy, B.R. Dennis, C. Johns-Krull, S. Krucker, R.P. Lin, J. McTiernan, T.R. Metcalf, J. Sato, D.M. Smith, Sol. Phys. 210, 61 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.J. Hurford, R.A. Schwartz, S. Krucker, R.P. Lin, D.M. Smith, N. Vilmer, Astrophys. J. 595, L77 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.J. Hurford, S. Krucker, R.P. Lin, R.A. Schwartz, D.M. Smith, AGU Fall Meeting AbstractsA313+ (2005)

  • G.J. Hurford, S. Krucker, R.P. Lin, R.A. Schwartz, G.H. Share, D.M. Smith, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 38, 255 (2006a)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.J. Hurford, S. Krucker, R.P. Lin, R.A. Schwartz, G.H. Share, D.M. Smith, Astrophys. J. 644, L93 (2006b)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.W. Kahler, B.R. Ragot, Astrophys. J. 675, 846 (2008)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Kanbach, D.L. Bertsch, C.E. Fichtel, R.C. Hartman, S.D. Hunter, D.A. Kniffen, P.W. Kwok, Y.C. Lin, J.R. Mattox, H.A. Mayer-Hasselwander, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 97, 349 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Kaufmann, J. Raulin, Phys. Plasmas 13(7), 070701 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Kaufmann, J. Raulin, C.G.G. de Castro, H. Levato, D.E. Gary, J.E.R. Costa, A. Marun, P. Pereyra, A.V.R. Silva, E. Correia, Astrophys. J. 603, L121 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.F. Kennel, H.E. Petschek, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 1 (1966)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Kiener, N. de Séréville, V. Tatischeff, Phys. Rev. C 64(2), 025803 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Kiener, M. Gros, V. Tatischeff, G. Weidenspointner, Astron. Astrophys. 445, 725 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Klein, G. Trottet, G. Molodij, A. Sémery, in Visions for Infrared Astronomy, Instrumentation, Measure, Métrologie, ed. by V. Coudé du Foresto, D. Rouan, G. Rousset (2006), p. 49

    Google Scholar 

  • L.G. Kocharov, G.A. Kovaltsov, G.E. Kocharov, E.I. Chuikin, I.G. Usoskin, M.A. Shea, D.F. Smart, V.F. Melnikov, T.S. Podstrigach, T.P. Armstrong, Sol. Phys. 150, 267 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L.G. Kocharov, J. Torsti, R. Vainio, G.A. Kovaltsov, I.G. Usoskin, Sol. Phys. 169, 181 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Kocharov, H. Debrunner, G. Kovaltsov, J. Lockwood, M. McConnell, P. Nieminen, G. Rank, J. Ryan, V. Schoenfelder, Astron. Astrophys. 340, 257 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B. Kozlovsky, R.E. Lingenfelter, R. Ramaty, Astrophys. J. 316, 801 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B. Kozlovsky, R.J. Murphy, R. Ramaty, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 141, 523 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B. Kozlovsky, R.J. Murphy, G.H. Share, Astrophys. J. 604, 892 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Krucker, M. Battaglia, P.J. Cargill, L. Fletcher, H.S. Hudson, A.L. MacKinnon, S. Masuda, L. Sui, M. Tomczak, A.L. Veronig, L. Vlahos, S.M. White, Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 16, 155 (2008a)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Krucker, G.J. Hurford, A.L. MacKinnon, A.Y. Shih, R.P. Lin, Astrophys. J. 678, L63 (2008b)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Kudela, S.N. Kuznetsov, N. Myagkova, B.Y. Yushkov, in International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 6 (2003), p. 3183

    Google Scholar 

  • S.N. Kuznetsov, V.G. Kurt, I.N. Myagkova, B.Y. Yushkov, K. Kudela, Sol. Syst. Res. 40, 104 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.N. Kuznetsov, V.G. Kurt, B.Y. Yushkov et al., in International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 1 (2008), p. 121

    Google Scholar 

  • F.L. Lang, C.W. Werntz, in Gamma-Ray Line Astrophysics, ed. by P. Durouchoux, N. Prantzos. American Institute of Physics Conference Series, vol. 232 (1991), p. 445

    Google Scholar 

  • N.G. Leikov, V.V. Akimov, V.A. Volzhenskaia, L.F. Kalinkin, V.E. Nesterov, A.M. Gal’Per, V.M. Zemskov, I.V. Ozerov, N.P. Topchiev, M.I. Fradkin, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 97, 345 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.P. Lin, B.R. Dennis, G.J. Hurford, D.M. Smith, A. Zehnder, P.R. Harvey, D.W. Curtis, D. Pankow, P. Turin, M. Bester, A. Csillaghy, M. Lewis, N. Madden, H.F. van Beek, M. Appleby, T. Raudorf, J. McTiernan, R. Ramaty, E. Schmahl, R. Schwartz, S. Krucker, R. Abiad, T. Quinn, P. Berg, M. Hashii, R. Sterling, R. Jackson, R. Pratt, R.D. Campbell, D. Malone, D. Landis, C.P. Barrington-Leigh, S. Slassi-Sennou, C. Cork, D. Clark, D. Amato, L. Orwig, R. Boyle, I.S. Banks, K. Shirey, A.K. Tolbert, D. Zarro, F. Snow, K. Thomsen, R. Henneck, A. Mchedlishvili, P. Ming, M. Fivian, J. Jordan, R. Wanner, J. Crubb, J. Preble, M. Matranga, A. Benz, H. Hudson, R.C. Canfield, G.D. Holman, C. Crannell, T. Kosugi, A.G. Emslie, N. Vilmer, J.C. Brown, C. Johns-Krull, M. Aschwanden, T. Metcalf, A. Conway, Sol. Phys. 210, 3 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.P. Lin, S. Krucker, G.J. Hurford, D.M. Smith, H.S. Hudson, G.D. Holman, R.A. Schwartz, B.R. Dennis, G.H. Share, R.J. Murphy, A.G. Emslie, C. Johns-Krull, N. Vilmer, Astrophys. J. 595, L69 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.E. Lingenfelter, E.J. Flamm, E.H. Canfield, S. Kellman, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 4077 (1965a)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.E. Lingenfelter, E.J. Flamm, E.H. Canfield, S. Kellman, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 4087 (1965b)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.E. Lingenfelter, R. Ramaty, High Energy Nuclear Reactions in Solar Flares (1967a)

  • R.E. Lingenfelter, R. Ramaty, Planet. Space Sci. 15, 1303 (1967b)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Y.E. Litvinenko, B.V. Somov, Sol. Phys. 146, 127 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.A. Lockwood, H. Debrunner, Space Sci. Rev. 88, 483 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.A. Lockwood, H. Debrunner, J.M. Ryan, Sol. Phys. 173, 151 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Lopate, Geophys. Monogr. 165, 283 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Lüthi, A. Magun, M. Miller, Astron. Astrophys. 415, 1123 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.L. MacKinnon, Astron. Astrophys. 226, 284 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.L. MacKinnon, Geophys. Monogr. 165, 157 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • A.L. MacKinnon, Astron. Astrophys. 462, 763 (2007)

    ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • A.L. MacKinnon, J.C. Brown, Astron. Astrophys. 232, 544 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.L. MacKinnon, P.C.V. Mallik, Astron. Astrophys. 510, A29+ (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.L. MacKinnon, M.P. Toner, Astron. Astrophys. 409, 745 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Mandzhavidze, R. Ramaty, Astrophys. J. 389, 739 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Mandzhavidze, R. Ramaty, in High Energy Solar Physics Workshop - Anticipating HESSI, ed. by R. Ramaty, N. Mandzhavidze. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, vol. 206 (2000), p. 64

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Mandzhavidze, R. Ramaty, B. Kozlovsky, Astrophys. J. 518, 918 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Masson, K. Klein, R. Bütikofer, E. Flückiger, V. Kurt, B. Yushkov, S. Krucker, Sol. Phys. 257, 305 (2009)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.L. McConnell, K. Bennett, A.L. MacKinnon, R. Miller, G. Rank, J.M. Ryan, V. Schönfelder, in Proc. 25th ICRC, Durban (South Africa), vol. 113 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  • R.A. Mewaldt, R.A. Leske, E.C. Stone, A.F. Barghouty, A.W. Labrador, C.M.S. Cohen, A.C. Cummings, A.J. Davis, T.T. von Rosenvinge, M.E. Wiedenbeck, Astrophys. J. 693, L11 (2009)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Meyer, Adv. Space Res. 13, 377 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.A. Miller, P.J. Cargill, A.G. Emslie, G.D. Holman, B.R. Dennis, T.N. LaRosa, R.M. Winglee, S.G. Benka, S. Tsuneta, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 14631 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Morrison, in Fifth International Congress on Cosmic Radiation, ed. by M.S. Vallarta (1958), p. 305

    Google Scholar 

  • Y. Muraki, K. Murakami, M. Miyazaki, K. Mitsui, S. Shibata, S. Sakakibara, T. Sakai, T. Takahashi, T. Yamada, K. Yamaguchi, Astrophys. J. 400, L75 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.J. Murphy, C.D. Dermer, R. Ramaty, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 63, 721 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.J. Murphy, B. Kozlovsky, R. Ramaty, Astrophys. J. 331, 1029 (1988)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.J. Murphy, R. Ramaty, D.V. Reames, B. Kozlovsky, Astrophys. J. 371, 793 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.J. Murphy, G.H. Share, J.E. Grove, W.N. Johnson, R.L. Kinzer, R.A. Kroeger, J.D. Kurfess, M.S. Strickman, S.M. Matz, D.A. Grabelsky, W.R. Purcell, M.P. Ulmer, R.A. Cameron, G.V. Jung, C.M. Jensen, W.T. Vestrand, D.J. Forrest, in American Institute of Physics Conference Series, vol. 280, ed. by M. Friedlander, N. Gehrels, D.J. Macomb. (1993), p. 619

    Google Scholar 

  • R.J. Murphy, G.H. Share, J.E. Grove, W.N. Johnson, R.L. Kinzer, J.D. Kurfess, M.S. Strickman, G.V. Jung, Astrophys. J. 490, 883 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.J. Murphy, G.H. Share, K.W. Delsignore, X.-M. Hua, Astrophys. J. 510, 1011 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.J. Murphy, G.H. Share, X.-M. Hua, R.P. Lin, D.M. Smith, R.A. Schwartz, Astrophys. J. 595, L93 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.J. Murphy, G.H. Share, J.G. Skibo, B. Kozlovsky, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 161, 495 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.J. Murphy, B. Kozlovsky, G.H. Share, X.-M. Hua, R.E. Lingenfelter, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 168, 167 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.J. Murphy, B. Kozlovsky, J. Kiener, G.H. Share, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 183, 142 (2009)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • I.N. Myagkova, S.N. Kuznetsov, B.Y. Yushkov, K. Kudela, in 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly. COSPAR, Plenary Meeting, vol. 35 (2004), p. 1511

    Google Scholar 

  • I.N. Myagkova, S.N. Kuznetsov, V.G. Kurt, B.Y. Yuskov, V.I. Galkin, E.A. Muravieva, K. Kudela, Adv. Space Res. 40, 1929 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.P. Naiman, D.M. Smith, R.J. Murphy, G.H. Share, A.Y. Shih, J. Kiener, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts B 1670+ (2008)

  • F. Pelaez, P. Mandrou, M. Niel, B. Mena, N. Vilmer, G. Trottet, F. Lebrun, J. Paul, O. Terekhov, R. Siuniaev, Sol. Phys. 140, 121 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B. Pirard, R.S. Woolf, U. Bravar, P.J. Bruillard, E.O. Flückiger, J.S. Legere, A.L. MacKinnon, J.R. Macri, P.C.V. Mallik, M.R. Moser, J.M. Ryan, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A, Accel. Spectrom. Detect. Assoc. Equip. 603, 406 (2009)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.A. Prince, J.C. Ling, W.A. Mahoney, G.R. Riegler, A.S. Jacobson, Astrophys. J. 255, L81 (1982)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K.R. Pyle, J.A. Simpson, in International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 3 (1991), p. 53

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Ramaty, in Physics of the Sun, vol. 2 (1986), p. 2291

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Ramaty, C.J. Crannell, Astrophys. J. 203, 766 (1976)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Ramaty, N. Mandzhavidze, in Highly Energetic Physical Processes and Mechanisms for Emission from Astrophysical Plasmas, ed. by P.C.H. Martens, S. Tsuruta, M.A. Weber. IAU Symposium, vol. 195 (2000), p. 123

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Ramaty, B. Kozlovsky, R.E. Lingenfelter, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 40, 487 (1979)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Ramaty, N. Mandzhavidze, B. Kozlovsky, R.J. Murphy, Astrophys. J. 455, L193+ (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Ramaty, N. Mandzhavidze, B. Kozlovsky, in American Institute of Physics Conference Series, vol. 374, ed. by R. Ramaty, N. Mandzhavidze, X.-M. Hua, (1996), p. 172

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Ramaty, N. Mandzhavidze, C. Barat, G. Trottet, Astrophys. J. 479, 458 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Rank, J. Ryan, H. Debrunner, M. McConnell, V. Schönfelder, Astron. Astrophys. 378, 1046 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.C. Raymond, G. Holman, A. Ciaravella, A. Panasyuk, Y.-K. Ko, J. Kohl, Astrophys. J. 659, 750 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.V. Reames, Space Sci. Rev. 90, 413 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.V. Reames, L.M. Barbier, T.T. von Rosenvinge, G.M. Mason, J.E. Mazur, J.R. Dwyer, Astrophys. J. 483, 515 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Rieger, Astrophys. J. 90, 645 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Rieger, H. Marschhäuser, in Max ’91/SMM Solar Flares: Observations and Theory, ed. by R.M. Winglee, A.L. Kiplinger (1991), p. 68

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Rieger, W.Q. Gan, H. Marschhäuser, Sol. Phys. 183, 123 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Ruffolo, Astrophys. J. 382, 688 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.M. Ryan, Space Sci. Rev. 93, 581 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Ryan, K. Bennett, H. Debrunner, D. Forrest, J. Lockwood, M. Loomis, M. McConnell, D. Morris, V. Schönfelder, B.N. Swanenburg, W. Webber, Adv. Space Res. 13, 255 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Ryan, D. Forrest, J. Lockwood, M. Loomis, M. McConnell, D. Morris, W. Webber, K. Bennett, L. Hanlon, C. Winkler, H. Debrunner, G. Rank, V. Schönfelder, B.N. Swanenburg, in High-Energy Solar Phenomena - a New Era of Spacecraft Measurements, ed. by J. Ryan, W.T. Vestrand. American Institute of Physics Conference Series, vol. 294 (1994), p. 89

    Google Scholar 

  • J.I. Sakai, Y. Nagasugi, Astron. Astrophys. 474, L33 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Sako, K. Watanabe, Y. Muraki, Y. Matsubara, H. Tsujihara, M. Yamashita, T. Sakai, S. Shibata, J.F. Valdés-Galicia, L.X. González, A. Hurtado, O. Musalem, P. Miranda, N. Martinic, R. Ticona, A. Velarde, F. Kakimoto, S. Ogio, Y. Tsunesada, H. Tokuno, Y.T. Tanaka, I. Yoshikawa, T. Terasawa, Y. Saito, T. Mukai, M. Gros, Astrophys. J. 651, L69 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.T. Schmelz, K. Nasraoui, J.K. Roames, L.A. Lippner, J.W. Garst, Astrophys. J. 634, L197 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.J. Schrijver, H.S. Hudson, R.J. Murphy, G.H. Share, T.D. Tarbell, Astrophys. J. 650, 1184 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.H. Share, R.J. Murphy, Astrophys. J. 452, 933 (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.H. Share, R.J. Murphy, Astrophys. J. 508, 876 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.H. Share, R.J. Murphy, in High Energy Solar Physics Workshop - Anticipating HESSI, ed. by R. Ramaty, N. Mandzhavidze. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, vol. 206 (2000), p. 377

    Google Scholar 

  • G.H. Share, R.J. Murphy, Geophys. Monogr. 165, 177 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • G.H. Share, R.J. Murphy, J. Kiener, N. de Séréville, Astrophys. J. 573, 464 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.H. Share, R.J. Murphy, E.K. Newton, Sol. Phys. 201, 191 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.H. Share, R.J. Murphy, J.G. Skibo, D.M. Smith, H.S. Hudson, R.P. Lin, A.Y. Shih, B.R. Dennis, R.A. Schwartz, B. Kozlovsky, Astrophys. J. 595, L85 (2003a)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.H. Share, R.J. Murphy, D.M. Smith, R.P. Lin, B.R. Dennis, R.A. Schwartz, Astrophys. J. 595, L89 (2003b)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.H. Share, R.J. Murphy, D.M. Smith, R.A. Schwartz, R.P. Lin, Astrophys. J. 615, L169 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G.H. Share, R.J. Murphy, A.J. Tylka, B. Kozlovsky, J.M. Ryan, C. Gwon, J. Geophys. Res. 116(A15), A03102 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • M.A. Shea, D.F. Smart, K.R. Pyle, Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 1655 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Shibata, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 6651 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.Y. Shih, R.P. Lin, G.J. Hurford, S.E. Boggs, A.C. Zoglauer, C.B. Wunderer, J.G. Sample, P. Turin, S. McBride, D.M. Smith, H. Tajima, P.N. Luke, M.S. Amman, in AAS/Solar Physics Division Meeting, vol. 40 (2009a). #18.10

    Google Scholar 

  • A.Y. Shih, R.P. Lin, D.M. Smith, Astrophys. J. 698, L152 (2009b)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.Y. Shih, D.M. Smith, R.P. Lin, G.J. Hurford, in Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, vol. 38 (2007), p. 175

    Google Scholar 

  • A.Y. Shih, D.M. Smith, R.P. Lin, G.J. Hurford, S. Krucker, R.A. Schwartz, G.H. Share, R.J. Murphy, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts D 1132+ (2003)

  • A.V.R. Silva, G.H. Share, R.J. Murphy, J.E.R. Costa, C.G.G. de Castro, J. Raulin, P. Kaufmann, Sol. Phys. 245, 311 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.F. Smart, M.A. Shea, K. O’Brien, in International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 4 (1995), p. 171

    Google Scholar 

  • D.M. Smith, R.P. Lin, P. Turin, D.W. Curtis, J.H. Primbsch, R.D. Campbell, R. Abiad, P. Schroeder, C.P. Cork, E.L. Hull, D.A. Landis, N.W. Madden, D. Malone, R.H. Pehl, T. Raudorf, P. Sangsingkeow, R. Boyle, I.S. Banks, K. Shirey, R. Schwartz, Sol. Phys. 210, 33 (2002)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.M. Smith, G.H. Share, R.J. Murphy, R.A. Schwartz, A.Y. Shih, R.P. Lin, Astrophys. J. 595, L81 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F.W. Stecker, Astrophys. Space Sci. 6, 377 (1970)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Struminsky, M. Matsuoka, K. Takahashi, Astrophys. J. 429, 400 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.N. Suri, E.L. Chupp, D.J. Forrest, C. Reppin, Sol. Phys. 43, 415 (1975)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Talon, G. Vedrenne, A.S. Melioranskii, N.F. Pissarenko, V.M. Shamolin, O.B. Likin, in Solar Gamma-, X-, and EUV Radiation, ed. by S.R. Kane. IAU Symposium, vol. 68 (1975), p. 315

    Google Scholar 

  • D.H. Tamres, D.B. Melrose, R.C. Canfield, Astrophys. J. 342, 576 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • V. Tatischeff, B. Kozlovsky, J. Kiener, R.J. Murphy, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 165, 606 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.P. Toner, High-energy neutral emissions from solar flares. Ph.D. thesis, University of Glasgow (2004)

  • M.P. Toner, A.L. MacKinnon, Sol. Phys. 223, 155 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Trottet, C. Barat, R. Ramaty, N. Vilmer, J.P. Dezalay, A. Kuznetsov, N. Mandzhavidze, R. Sunyaev, R. Talon, O. Terekhov, in American Institute of Physics Conference Series, vol. 374, ed. by R. Ramaty, N. Mandzhavidze, X.-M. Hua (1996), p. 153

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Trottet, S. Krucker, T. Lüthi, A. Magun, Astrophys. J. 678, 509 (2008)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Trottet, N. Vilmer, in European Meeting on Solar Physics, ed. by G.M. Simnett, C.E. Alissandrakis, L. Vlahos. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol. 489 (Springer, Berlin, 1997), p. 219

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Trottet, N. Vilmer, C. Barat, A. Benz, A. Magun, A. Kuznetsov, R. Sunyaev, O. Terekhov, Astron. Astrophys. 334, 1099 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Trottet, N. Vilmer, C. Barat, J.P. Dezalay, R. Talon, R.A. Siuniaev, A. Kuznetsov, O. Terekhov, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 97, 337 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Tsuchiya, Y. Muraki, K. Masuda, Y. Matsubara, T. Koi, T. Sako, S. Ohno, T. Hoshida, S. Shibata, Y. Munakata, K. Hatanaka, T. Wakasa, H. Sakai, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A, Accel. Spectrom. Detect. Assoc. Equip. 463, 183 (2001)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • I.G. Usoskin, G.A. Kovaltsov, H. Kananen, P. Tanskanen, Ann. Geophys. 15, 375 (1997)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.F. Valdés-Galicia, Y. Muraki, K. Watanabe, Y. Matsubara, T. Sako, L.X. Gonzalez, O. Musalem, A. Hurtado, Adv. Space Res. 43, 565 (2009)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Vedrenne, J. Roques, V. Schönfelder, P. Mandrou, G.G. Lichti, A. von Kienlin, B. Cordier, S. Schanne, J. Knödlseder, G. Skinner, P. Jean, F. Sanchez, P. Caraveo, B. Teegarden, P. von Ballmoos, L. Bouchet, P. Paul, J. Matteson, S. Boggs, C. Wunderer, P. Leleux, G. Weidenspointner, P. Durouchoux, R. Diehl, A. Strong, M. Cassé, M.A. Clair, Y. André, Astron. Astrophys. 411, L63 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.E. Vernazza, E.H. Avrett, R. Loeser, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 45, 635 (1981)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • W.T. Vestrand, D.J. Forrest, Astrophys. J. 409, L69 (1993)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Vilmer, S.R. Kane, G. Trottet, Astron. Astrophys. 108, 306 (1982)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Vilmer, A.L. MacKinnon, in Energy Conversion and Particle Acceleration in the Solar Corona, ed. by L. Klein. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol. 612 (Springer, Berlin, 2003), p. 127

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Vilmer, A.L. MacKinnon, G. Trottet, C. Barat, Astron. Astrophys. 412, 865 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Vilmer, M. Maksimovic, R.P. Lin, G. Trottet, in Solar encounter. Proceedings of the First Solar Orbiter Workshop, ed. by B. Battrick, H. Sawaya-Lacoste, E. Marsch, V. Martinez Pillet, B. Fleck, R. Marsden. ESA Special Publication, vol. 493 (2001), p. 405

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Vilmer, G. Trottet, C. Barat, J.P. Dezalay, R. Talon, R. Sunyaev, O. Terekhov, A. Kuznetsov, in Advances in Solar Physics, ed. by G. Belvedere, M. Rodono, G.M. Simnett. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol. 432 (Springer, Berlin, 1994), p. 197

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Vilmer, G. Trottet, C. Barat, R.A. Schwartz, S. Enome, A. Kuznetsov, R. Sunyaev, O. Terekhov, Astron. Astrophys. 342, 575 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Vogt, J.C. Hénoux, Sol. Phys. 164, 345 (1996)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H.T. Wang, R. Ramaty, Sol. Phys. 36, 129 (1974)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Watanabe, M. Gros, P.H. Stoker, K. Kudela, C. Lopate, J.F. Valdés-Galicia, A. Hurtado, O. Musalem, R. Ogasawara, Y. Mizumoto, M. Nakagiri, A. Miyashita, Y. Matsubara, T. Sako, Y. Muraki, T. Sakai, S. Shibata, Astrophys. J. 636, 1135 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Watanabe, Y. Muraki, Y. Matsubara, K. Murakami, T. Sako, H. Tsuchiya, S. Masuda, M. Yoshimori, N. Ohmori, P. Miranda, N. Martinic, R. Ticona, A. Velarde, F. Kakimoto, S. Ogio, Y. Tsunesada, H. Tokuno, Y. Shirasaki, Astrophys. J. 592, 590 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Watanabe, Y. Muraki, Y. Matsubara, T. Sako, T. Sakai, H. Tsuchiya et al., in International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 1 (2005), p. 37

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Werntz, Y.E. Kim, F.L. Lang, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 73, 349 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Wiehr, Astron. Astrophys. 69, 279 (1978)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Winglee, Astrophys. J. 343, 511 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B.E. Woodgate, R.D. Robinson, K.G. Carpenter, S.P. Maran, S.N. Shore, Astrophys. J. 397, L95 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.S. Woolf, J.M. Ryan, P.F. Bloser, U. Bravar, E.O. Flückiger, J.S. Legere, A. MacKinnon, P.C. Mallik, M.L. McConnell, B. Pirard, in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, vol. 7438 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • Z. Xu, J.-C. Hénoux, G. Chambe, M. Karlický, C. Fang, Astrophys. J. 631, 618 (2005)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Z. Xu, J.C. Henoux, G. Chambe, A.G. Petrashen, C. Fang, Astrophys. J. 650, 1193 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Yoshimori, Space Sci. Rev. 51, 85 (1989)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Yoshimori, in International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 6 (1999a), p. 5

    Google Scholar 

  • Y. Yoshimori, in International Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 6 (1999b), p. 1

    Google Scholar 

  • V.V. Zharkova, M. Gordovskyy, Astrophys. J. 604, 884 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E.G. Zweibel, D.A. Haber, Astrophys. J. 264, 648 (1983)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. LESIA-Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Univ. Paris-Diderot, Paris, France

    N. Vilmer

  2. DACE/Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK

    A. L. MacKinnon

  3. Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7450, USA

    G. J. Hurford

Authors
  1. N. Vilmer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. L. MacKinnon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. G. J. Hurford
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to N. Vilmer.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Vilmer, N., MacKinnon, A.L. & Hurford, G.J. Properties of Energetic Ions in the Solar Atmosphere from γ-Ray and Neutron Observations. Space Sci Rev 159, 167 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-010-9728-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-010-9728-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation