Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Investigating multiple defects on a new fault-tolerant three-input QCA majority gate

  • Published:
The Journal of Supercomputing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) are a new technology used to fabricate digital circuits on the nanoscale in place of CMOS technology, which has limitations in device density. QCA devices are low in power consumption and high in speed due to their structure. Although some defects may occur during chemical fabrication, QCA gates and circuits can be designed to be fault-tolerant. The majority gate is most often used in QCA circuits; thus, many papers have investigated different structures for it and tried to design a fault-tolerant gate against only one defect. We have proposed a new structure for a three-input majority gate with a good percentage of truth output despite the multiple defects that may take place concurrently. A full adder is then designed using the proposed majority gate to demonstrate the degree of fault tolerance of QCA circuits made of fault-tolerant gates.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

References

  1. 50 years of Moore’s law, Intel’s Silicon Innovations. http://www.intel.in/content/www/in/en/silicon-innovations/moores-law-technology.html. Accessed 20 Feb 2020

  2. Lent CS, Tougaw PD, Porod W, Bernstein GH (1993) Quantum cellular automata. Nanotechnology 4(1):49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Javid M, Mohamadi K (2009) Characterization and tolerance of QCA full adder under missing cells defects. In: Fifth International Conference on MEMS, NANO and Smart Systems (ICMENS)

  4. Raj M, Kumaresan RS, Gopalakrishnan L (2019) Optimized multiplexer and XOR gate in 4-dot 2-electron QCA using novel input technique. In: 10th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies

  5. Wang X, Xie GJ, Deng F (2018) Design and comparison of new fault-tolerant majority gate based on quantum dot cellular automata. J Semicond 39(8):085001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Danehdaran F, Angizi S, Khosroshahy MB, Navi K, Bagherzadeh N (2019) A combined three and five inputs majority gate-based high performance coplanar full adder in quantum-dot cellular automata. Int J Inf Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41870-019-00365-z

  7. Sun M, Lv H, Zhang Y, Xie G (2018) The fundamental primitives with fault-tolerance in quantum-dot cellular automata. J Electron Test 34:109–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Farazkish R (2014) A new quantum dot cellular automata fault tolerant five input majority gate. J Nanopart Res 16(2):2259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Sasamal TN, Mohan A, Singh AK (2020) Optimal realization of full adder in QCA using 5-input majority gate. In: IEEE International Conference on Industry 4.0 Technology (I4Tech)

  10. Hashemi S, Azghadi MR, Navi K (2019) Design and analysis of efficient QCA reversible adders. J Supercomput 75:2106–2125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Cocorullo G, Corsonello P, Frustasi F, Perri S (2017) Design of efficient BCD adders in quantum dot cellular automata. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst II Express Briefs 64(5):575–579

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Babaie S, Sadeghifar A, Bahar AN (2019) Design of an efficient multilayer arithmetic logic unit in QCA. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst II Express Briefs 66:963–967

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Ahmadpour SS, Mosleh M, Heikalabad SR (2018) A revolution in nanostructure designs by proposing a novel QCA full-adder based on optimized 3-input XOR. Physica 550:383–392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Abedi D, Jabripur G (2018) Decimal full adders specially designed for QCA. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst II Express Briefs 65(1):106–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Singh G, Raj B, Sarin R (2018) Fault-tolerant design and analysis of QCA-based circuits. IET Circuits Devices Syst 12:638–644

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Sabbaghi-Nadooshan R, Kianpour M (2014) A novel QCA implementation of MUX-based universal shift register. J Comput Electron 13(1):198–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Das B, Mahmood M, Rabeya M, Bardhan R (2019) An effective design of 2:1 multiplexer and 1:2 demultiplexer using 3-dot QCA architecture. In: International Conference on Robotics, Electrical and Signal Processing Techniques (ICREST)

  18. Mohammadi Z, Navi K, Sabbaghi-Nadooshan R (2020) Design of testable reversible latches by using a novel efficient implementation of Fredkin gate. Int J Electron 107(6):859–878

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Ahmadpour SS, Mosleh M, Heikalabad SR (2020) The design and implementation of a robust single-layer QCA ALU using a novel fault-tolerant three-input majority gate. J Supercomput 76:10155–10185

  20. Sadhu A, Das K, De D, Kanjilal MR (2020) Area-delay-energy aware SRAM memory cell and M × N parallel read/write memory array design for quantum dot cellular automata. Microprocess Microsyst 72:102944

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Moghimizadeh T, Mosleh M (2019) A novel design of fault-tolerant RAM cell in quantum-dot cellular automata with physical verification. J Supercomput 75:5688–5716

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Sardinha L, Costa A, Neto O, Vieira L, Vieira M (2013) NanoRouter: a quantum-dot cellular automata design. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 31(12):825–834

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Yang X, Cai L, Wang S, Wang Z, Feng C (2012) Reliability and performance evaluation of QCA devices with rotation cell defect. IEEE Trans Nanotechnol 11(5):1009–1018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Mukherjee R, Tripathi S, Sen S, Sen B (2016) Characterization and analysis of single electron fault of QCA primitives. In: International Conference on Microelectronics, Computing and Communications (MicroCom)

  25. Farazkish R, Sayedsalehi S, Navi K (2012) Novel design for quantum dots cellular automata to obtain fault tolerant majority gate. J Nanotechnol 2012:943406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Blair E, Lent C (2018) Clock topologies for molecular quantum-dot cellular automata. J Low Power Electron 8(3):31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Huang J, Momenzadeh M, Schiano L, Ottavi M, Lombardi F (2005) Tile-based QCA design using majority-like logic primitives. JETC 1(3):163–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Lent CS, Tougaw PD (1997) A device architecture for computing with quantum dots. Proc IEEE 85:541–557

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Walus K, Tysart TJ, Jullien GA, Budiam RA (2004) QCADesigner: a rapid design and simulation tool for quantum-dot cellular. IEEE Trans Nanotechnol 3(1):26–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by IPM grant.

Funding

The funding was provided by Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, P. O. Box 38135-567, Arāk, Iran

    Seyed Amir Hossein Foroutan & Mohammad Bagher Tavakoli

  2. Department of Electrical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, 19936, Iran

    Reza Sabbaghi-Nadooshan

  3. School of Computer Science, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), P. O. Box 19395-5746, Tehran, Iran

    Reza Sabbaghi-Nadooshan

  4. Computer Engineering Department, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, 76137, Iran

    Majid Mohammadi

Authors
  1. Seyed Amir Hossein Foroutan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Reza Sabbaghi-Nadooshan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Majid Mohammadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mohammad Bagher Tavakoli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Reza Sabbaghi-Nadooshan.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Foroutan, S.A.H., Sabbaghi-Nadooshan, R., Mohammadi, M. et al. Investigating multiple defects on a new fault-tolerant three-input QCA majority gate. J Supercomput 77, 8305–8325 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-020-03567-6

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-020-03567-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation