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A novel privacy-aware global infrastructure for ecological footprint calculator based on the Internet of things and blockchain

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Abstract

Over the past few decades, the harmful effects of industrial activity and consumer society have resulted in global warming. Governments and international organizations are looking for ways to monitor activities of individuals and companies to assess their ecological impact. Unfortunately, such an approach would easily be seen as a mass surveillance tool. This is why we are proposing in this paper a novel privacy-aware global infrastructure for ecological footprint calculator based on the Internet of things and blockchain. Indeed, we take advantage of the data collection capacity of the Internet of things, the anonymization provided by public key identification and encryption, and the immutability of blockchain to implement this global system. A three-stage approach was used to validate our architecture: modeling in Petri nets to verify that the infrastructure fulfills all the required missions, implementing the three central authorities with python to record parameters such as durations, and finally modeling in queuing networks to demonstrate stability. The blockchain and Internet of things parts are used in a purely abstract manner relying on standard concepts; therefore, we have not implemented them. The experiments have produced very promising results. We have shown that for the simplest form of queue modeling, the involved servers have a utilization rate that is close to \(50\%\) and that the overall waiting time remains below one minute.

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Funding

This work has been sponsored by the General Directorate for Scientific Research and Technological Development, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research DGRSDT, Algeria.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. LIMED Laboratory, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of Bejaia, 06000, Bejaïa, Algeria

    Nadim Elsakaan & Kamal Amroun

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  1. Nadim Elsakaan
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  2. Kamal Amroun
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Each author participated actively in conducting analyses, drafting sections of the manuscript, editing, and approving the final, submitted version.

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Correspondence to Nadim Elsakaan.

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Elsakaan, N., Amroun, K. A novel privacy-aware global infrastructure for ecological footprint calculator based on the Internet of things and blockchain. J Supercomput 80, 9494–9531 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-023-05821-z

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