Abstract
Wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs) are a new kind of heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Because actuators should provide maximal coverage for the sensed data, sensor-actuator connectivity is very important. However, no research considered both the maximal coverage and connectivity of sensor-actuator. Once the sensors are out of coverage or the connectivity fails, the actuators cannot perform the correct actions for the area of interest. If a sensor cannot build a routing path from itself to any actuator, it becomes an orphan sensor. We therefore propose a coverage and connectivity aware clustering within k-hops (CCAC-k). In CCAC-k, sensors pick a cluster head before the actuators have been placed. All sensors are covered by at least one actuator and there are no orphan sensors in the monitored area, even when deployed randomly. Simulation results demonstrate that the coverage and connectivity of CCAC-k is higher than that of existing WSAN clustering solutions. CCAC-k also deploys fewer actuators than existing clustering solutions In addition, the coverage and connectivity in CCAC-k remains at 100% even under changes in the ratio of the transmission radius of the actuator to that of the sensor or the number of sensors. Finally, the number of actuators deployed in CCAC-k can be decreased if this or the number of sensors increased.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akyildiz I F, Su W, Sankarasubramaniam Y, et al. Wireless sensor networks: a survey. Comput Netw, 2002, 38: 393–422
Akyildiz I F, Su W, Sankarasubramaniam Y, et al. A survey on sensor networks. IEEE Commun Mag, 2002, 40: 102–114
Akyildiz I F, Kasimoglu I H. Wireless sensor and actor networks: research challenges. Ad Hoc Netw, 2004, 2: 351–367
Melodia T, Pompili D, Akyildiz I F, et al. A communication architecture for mobile wireless sensor and actor networks. In: Proceedings of 3rd Annual IEEE Communications Society on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, Reston, 2006. 109–118
Melodia T, Pompili D, Gungor V C, et al. Communication and coordination in wireless sensor and actuator networks. IEEE Trans Mobile Comput, 2007, 6: 1116–1129
Boukerche A, Martirosyan A. An efficient algorithm for preserving events temporal relationships in wireless sensor actor networks. In: Proceedings of International Workshop on Local Computer Networks, Dublin, 2007. 771–780
Boukerche A, Araujo R B, Villas L. A wireless actuator and sensor networks QoS-aware routing protocol for the emergency preparedness class of applications. In: Proceedings of International Workshop on Local Computer Networks, Tampa, 2006. 832–839
Munir M F. Wireless sensor and sensor-actuator networks: research trends, protocols, and applications. In: Proceedings of International Workshop on Networking and Communications, Lahore, 2008. 6–6
Tuan C C, Wu Y C, Chang W S, et al. Fault tolerance by quartile method in wireless sensor and actor networks. In: Proceedings of International Workshop on Intelligent, Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing, Krakow, 2010. 758–763
Akkaya K, Younis M. C2AP: coverage-aware and connectivity-constrained actor positioning in wireless sensor and actor networks. In: Proceedings of International Workshop on Performance Computing and Communications, New Orleans, 2007. 281–288
McLaughlan B, Akkaya K. Coverage-based clustering of wireless sensor and actor networks. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Services, Istanbul, 2007. 45–54
Akkaya K, Senel F, McLaughlan B. Clustering of wireless sensor and actor networks based on sensor distribution and connectivity. J Parallel Distr Com, 2009, 69: 573–587
Quang P T A, Kim D S. An energy efficient clustering in heterogeneous wireless sensor and actuators networks. In: Proceedings of International Workshop on Global Communications, Anaheim, 2012. 524–528
Yang C X, Huang L Y, Yu P, et al. Design of multirate static output feedback controller in cluster of wireless sensor and actor networks. In: Proceedings of International Workshop on Control, Hefei, 2012. 5943–5947
Salarian H, Chin K W, Naghdy F. Coordination in wireless sensor-actuator networks: a survey. J Parallel Distr Com, 2012, 72: 856–867
Amis A D, Prakash R, Vuong T H P, et al. Max-min dcluster formation in wireless ad hoc networks. In: Proceedings of International Workshop on Computer Communications, Tel Aviv, 2000. 32–41
Nocetti F G, Gonzalez J S, Stojmenovic I. Connectivity based k-hop clustering in wireless networks. Telecommun Syst, 2003, 22: 205–220
Hussein I I, Stipanovic D M. Effective coverage control for mobile sensor networks with guaranteed collision avoidance. IEEE Trans Contr Syst T, 2007, 15: 642–657
Gajbhiye P, Mahajan A. A survey of architecture and node deployment in wireless sensor network. In: Proceedings of International Workshop on Applications of Digital Information and Web Technologies, Ostrava, 2008. 426–430
Jiang C, Yuan D, Zhao Y. Towards clustering algorithms in wireless sensor networks-a survey. In: Proceedings of International Workshop on Wireless Communications and Networking, Budapest, 2009. 1–6
Deosarkar B P, Yadav N S, Yadav R P. Clusterhead selection in clustering algorithms for wireless sensor networks: a survey. In: Proceedings of International Workshop on Computer Communications and Networks, St. Thomas, 2008. 1–8
Kumarawadu P, Dechene D J, Luccini M. Algorithms for node clustering in wireless sensor networks: a survey. In: Proceedings of International Workshop on Information and Automation for Sustainability, Colombo, 2008. 295–300
Mallapur S V, Patil S R. Survery on simulations tools for mobile ad-hoc networks. Int J Comput Netw Wirel Commun, 2012, 2: 241–248
Samal C K. TCP performance through simulation and testbed in multi-hop mobile ad hoc networks. Int J Comput Netw Wirel Commun, 2010, 2: 109–124
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tuan, CC., Wu, YC. Coverage and connectivity-aware clustering within k hops in wireless sensor and actuator networks. Sci. China Inf. Sci. 57, 1–16 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-013-5022-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-013-5022-3