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HiFAST: An Hi data calibration and imaging pipeline for FAST

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Abstract

The Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) has the largest aperture and a 19-beam L-band receiver, making it powerful for investigating the neutral hydrogen atomic gas (Hi) in the universe. We present HiFAST (https://hifast.readthedocs.io), a dedicated, modular, and self-contained calibration and imaging pipeline for processing the Hi data of FAST. The pipeline consists of frequency-dependent noise diode calibration, baseline fitting, standing wave removal using an FFT-based method, flux density calibration, stray radiation correction, and gridding to produce data cubes. These modules can be combined as needed to process the data from most FAST observation modes: tracking, drift scanning, On-The-Fly mapping, and most of their variants. With HiFAST, the root-mean-square (RMS) noises of the calibrated spectra from all 19 beams were only slightly (∼5%) higher than the theoretical expectation. The results for the extended source M33 and the point sources are consistent with the results from Arecibo. The moment maps (0, 1 and 2) of M33 agree well with the results from the Arecibo Galaxy Environment Survey (AGES) with a fractional difference of less than 10%. For a common sample of 221 sources with signal-to-noise ratio S/N > 10 from the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA (ALFALFA) survey, the mean value of fractional difference in the integrated flux density, Sint, between the two datasets is approximately 0.005%, with a dispersion of 15.4%. Further checks on the integrated flux density of 23 sources with seven observations indicate that the variance in the flux density of the source with luminous objects (Sint > 2.5 Jy km s−1) is less than 5%. Our tests suggest that the FAST telescope, with the efficient, precise, and user-friendly pipeline HiFAST, will yield numerous significant scientific findings in the investigation of the Hi in the universe.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China

    Yingjie Jing, Jie Wang, Chen Xu, Ziming Liu, Qingze Chen, Tiantian Liang, Jinlong Xu, Huijie Hu, Chuan-Peng Zhang, Qi Guo, Liang Gao, Mei Ai, Hengqian Gan, Xuyang Gao, Jinlin Han, Ligang Hou, Zhipeng Hou, Peng Jiang, Zerui Liu, Li Shao, Jun Pan, Lei Qian, Jinghai Sun, Qingliang Yang, Bo Zhang & Ming Zhu

  2. Institute for Frontiers in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 102206, China

    Jie Wang, Qi Guo & Liang Gao

  3. School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Jie Wang, Chen Xu, Ziming Liu, Qingze Chen, Tiantian Liang, Huijie Hu, Qi Guo, Liang Gao, Zhipeng Hou & Zerui Liu

  4. Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, 85748, Germany

    Yixian Cao

  5. Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China

    Jing Wang

  6. Guizhou Radio Astronomical Observatory, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550000, China

    Jinlong Xu, Chuan-Peng Zhang, Mei Ai, Peng Jiang & Ming Zhu

  7. Institute of Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, University of Durham, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK

    Liang Gao

  8. CAS Key Laboratory of FAST, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China

    Mei Ai, Hengqian Gan, Xuyang Gao, Jinlin Han, Lei Qian, Bo Zhang & Ming Zhu

  9. Deep Space Exploration Laboratory/Department of Astronomy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China

    Xu Kong & Fujia Li

  10. School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China

    Xu Kong & Fujia Li

  11. Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RH, UK

    Hengxing Pan

  12. College of Earth Sciences, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China

    Jun Pan

  13. Department of Physics, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China

    Ningyu Tang

  14. School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China

    Zhiyu Zhang

  15. Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China

    Zhiyu Zhang

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  1. Yingjie Jing
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Correspondence to Yingjie Jing.

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Additional information

This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFA1602901), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11988101, 11873051, 12125302, and 12373011), the CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research Grant (Grant No. YSBR-062), the K. C. Wong Education Foundation, and the science research grants from the China Manned Space Project. Yingjie Jing acknowledges support from the Cultivation Project for FAST Scientific Payoff and Research Achievement of CAMS-CAS. We would like to express our gratitude to Prof. Rendong Nan and his team for their groundbreaking efforts in establishing the FAST telescope. Additionally, we would like to acknowledge the FAST operation team for their invaluable assistance and support in the development of this pipeline. We also thank Martha P. Haynes for generously sharing ALFALFA spectra data and insightful discussions on source flux calculations, which significantly enhanced our study. This work made use of the data from FAST (Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope). FAST is a Chinese national mega-science facility, operated by National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

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Jing, Y., Wang, J., Xu, C. et al. HiFAST: An Hi data calibration and imaging pipeline for FAST. Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 67, 259514 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-023-2333-8

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