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Fully immersive virtual reality for skull-base surgery: surgical training and beyond

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International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

A virtual reality (VR) system, where surgeons can practice procedures on virtual anatomies, is a scalable and cost-effective alternative to cadaveric training. The fully digitized virtual surgeries can also be used to assess the surgeon’s skills using measurements that are otherwise hard to collect in reality. Thus, we present the Fully Immersive Virtual Reality System (FIVRS) for skull-base surgery, which combines surgical simulation software with a high-fidelity hardware setup.

Methods

FIVRS allows surgeons to follow normal clinical workflows inside the VR environment. FIVRS uses advanced rendering designs and drilling algorithms for realistic bone ablation. A head-mounted display with ergonomics similar to that of surgical microscopes is used to improve immersiveness. Extensive multi-modal data are recorded for post-analysis, including eye gaze, motion, force, and video of the surgery. A user-friendly interface is also designed to ease the learning curve of using FIVRS.

Results

We present results from a user study involving surgeons with various levels of expertise. The preliminary data recorded by FIVRS differentiate between participants with different levels of expertise, promising future research on automatic skill assessment. Furthermore, informal feedback from the study participants about the system’s intuitiveness and immersiveness was positive.

Conclusion

We present FIVRS, a fully immersive VR system for skull-base surgery. FIVRS features a realistic software simulation coupled with modern hardware for improved realism. The system is completely open source and provides feature-rich data in an industry-standard format.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by NSF OISE-1927354 and OISE-1927275, NIDCD K08 Grant DC019708, a grant from Galen Robotics, and an agreement between Johns Hopkins University and the Multi-Scale Medical Robotics Centre, Ltd.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA

    Adnan Munawar, Zhaoshuo Li, Peter Kazanzides & Russell H. Taylor

  2. Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21209, USA

    Nimesh Nagururu, Danielle Trakimas & Francis X. Creighton

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  1. Adnan Munawar
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  2. Zhaoshuo Li
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  3. Nimesh Nagururu
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  4. Danielle Trakimas
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  6. Russell H. Taylor
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  7. Francis X. Creighton
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Correspondence to Adnan Munawar.

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Conflict of interest

Russell Taylor and JHU may be entitled to royalty payments related to technology discussed in this paper, and Dr. Taylor has received or may receive some portion of these royalties. Also, Dr. Taylor is a paid consultant to and owns equity in Galen Robotics, Inc. These arrangements have been reviewed and approved by JHU in accordance with its conflict of interest policy.

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Munawar, A., Li, Z., Nagururu, N. et al. Fully immersive virtual reality for skull-base surgery: surgical training and beyond. Int J CARS 19, 51–59 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-023-02956-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-023-02956-5

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