Abstract
The fluid flow of liquid steel in a wide slab mold (1880 × 230 mm) influenced by two different submerged entry nozzle (SEN) designs (bifurcated nozzles with rectangular, SEN-R, vs square, SEN-S, ports) and immersion depths of 115 and 185 mm was studied using a 1:1 scale water model. To analyze the fluid dynamics, particle image velocimetry and video recording techniques were used. The fluid-flow dynamics indicate that the discharging jets using either SEN design suffer strong wandering and raveling effects that enhance turbulence in the meniscus region. The preceding results show the existence of velocity spikes (defined as velocities with magnitudes that exceed the standard deviation of the average velocity) in the submeniscus region. Using the SEN-R ports yields more velocity spikes per minute with larger magnitudes than using the SEN-S, which could be the main cause of the detrimental quality of steel. The capability of slag entrainment by the flow developed by a nozzle was the criterion employed to evaluate quantitatively the merits of one nozzle over the other. This criterion is based on the capillary number, which gives the ratio between viscous-inertial and surface forces at the metal–slag interface.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- Cacr :
-
Critical capillary
- U mcr :
-
Horizontal critical metal velocity (m/s)
- μ m :
-
Dynamic viscosity (Pa s)
- Γ ms :
-
Metal–slag interfacial tension (N/m)
- h s :
-
Thickness of liquid slag (m)
- μ s :
-
Slag viscosity (Pa s)
- ρ i :
-
Slag density (kg/m3)
- ρ m :
-
Metal density (kg/m3)
References
P.H. Dauby: Rev. Metall., 2012, vol. 109, pp. 113-36.
Q. Yuang, B.G. Thomas, and S.P. Vanka: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2004, vol. 35B, pp. 685-702.
B.G. Thomas, L.M. Mika, and F.M. Najjar: Metall. Trans. B, 1990, vol. 21B, pp. 387-400.
T. Teshima, M. Osame, K. Okimoto, and Y. Mura: 71st Steelmaking Conf. Proc., Iron Steel Soc., 1991, pp. 111–18.
F.M. Najjar, B.G. Thomas, and D.E. Hershey: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 1995, vol. 26B, pp. 749–65.
F.G. Wilson, M.J. Heesom, A. Nicholson, and A.W.D. Hills: Ironmaking Steelmaking, 1987, vol. 14, pp. 296–309.
H. Nakato, K. Saito, Y Oguchi, N. Namura, and K. Sorimachi: 70 th Steelmaking Conf. Proc., Iron Steel Soc., 1987, pp. 427–31.
S. García-Hernández, R.D. Morales, J. de J. Barreto, and K. Morales-Higa: ISIJ Int., 2013, vol. 53, pp. 1794–802.
M. J. Lu, C.H. Chen, C.H Huang, and J.W. Chu: Steelmaking Conf. Proc., 1998, vol. 8, pp. 193–97.
S. Kunstreich and P.H. Dauby: Ironmaking Steelmaking, 2005, vol. 32, pp. 80–86.
A. Najera Bastida, R.D. Morales, S. García-Hernández, E. Torres Alonso, and A. Espino-Zarate: ISIJ Int., 2010, vol. 50, pp. 830–38.
S. García-Hernández, J. Barreto-Sandoval, R.D. Morales, and H. Arcos-Gutiérrez: ISIJ Int., 2013, vol. 53, pp. 809–17.
A. Nájera-Bastida, R.D. Morales, L. García-Demedices, R. Zárate-Gutiérrez, and J. Rodríguez-Ávila: Steel Res. Int., 2011, vol. 82, pp. 301–12.
R. Chaudhary, C. Ji, B.G. Thomas, and S.P. Vanka: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2011, vol. 42B, pp. 987–1007.
J. Anagnostopoulos and G. Bergeles: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 1999, vol. 30B, pp. 1095–105.
Y. Miki and S. Takeuchi: ISIJ Int., 2003, vol. 43, vol. 1548–55.
A. Ramos-Banderas, Sanchez-Perez, R.D. Morales, Palafox-Ramos, L. Demedices-García, and M. Díaz- Cruz: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2004, vol. 35B, pp. 449–60.
Q. Yuan, S. Sivaramakrishnan, S.P. Vanka, and B.G. Thomas: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2004, vol. 35B, pp. 967–82.
R. Liu, J. Sengupta, D. Crosbie, M.M. Yavuz, and B.G. Thomas: AISTech 2011 Proceedings, 2011, pp. 1619–31.
K. Takatani, Y. Tanizawa, H. Mizukami, and K. Nishimura: ISIJ Int., 2001, vol. 41, pp. 1252–61.
F.M. Najjar, B.G. Thomas, and D.E. Hershey: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 1995, vol. 26B, pp. 749–65.
R. Sánchez-Pérez, R.D. Morales, M. Díaz-Cruz, O. Olivares-Xometl, and J. Palafox-Ramos: ISIJ Int., 2003, vol. 43, pp. 637–46.
Y.S. Gutiérrez-Montiel and R.D. Morales: ISIJ Int., 2013, vol. 53, pp. 230–39.
R. Sánchez-Pérez, R.D. Morales, L. García-Demedices, J. Palafox-Ramos, and M. Díaz-Cruz: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2004, vol. 35B, pp. 85–99.
I. Calderón-Ramos, R.D. Morales, S. García-Hernández, and A. Ceballos-Huerta: ISIJ Int., 2014, vol. 54, pp. 1797–806.
E. Torres-Alonso, R.D. Morales, S. García-Hernández, and J. Palafox-Ramos: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2010, vol. 41B, pp. 583–97.
L.C. Hibbeler and B.G. Thomas: Proc. AISTech2013, ASIT, Warrendale, PA, 2013, pp. 1215–30.
P. Ramirez-Lopez and R.D. Morales: Ironmaking Steelmaking, 2006, vol. 33, pp. 157–68.
P. Ramirez-Lopez, R. D. Morales, R. Sanchez-Perez, O. Davila, and L. Garcia-Demedices: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2005, vol. 36B, pp. 787–800.
K.E. Swartz, L.C. Hibbeler, B.P. Joyce, and B.G. Thomas: Proc. AISTech2014, AIST Warrendale, PA, 2014, pp. 1865–79.
J.M. Harman and A.W. Cramb: Proc. 79 th Steelmaking Conf: Iron Steel Soc, 1996, pp. 773-84.
R. Hagemann, R. Schwarze, H.P. Heller, and P.R. Scheller: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2013, vol. 44B, pp. 80-90.
R. Striedinger, L.F. Sancho, J. Díaz, M. De Santis, M.R. Ridolfi, A. Poli, A. Bennani, J. Laraudogoitia, J. Ciriza, J. Holzhauser, and L. Ernenputsch: Final Report, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium, 2008, pp. 5–56.
Acknowledgments
The authors give thanks to CoNaCyT and IPN for a scholarship granted to I.C.R. to carry out his Ph.D. studies at IPN and to the institutions SNI, COFA, and PIFI for their continuous support to the Process Metallurgy Group.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Manuscript submitted August 6, 2014.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Calderón-Ramos, I., Morales, R.D. The Role of Submerged Entry Nozzle Port Shape on Fluid Flow Turbulence in a Slab Mold. Metall Mater Trans B 46, 1314–1325 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-015-0333-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-015-0333-y