Abstract
Salt stress is the cause of low yield in many arid and semi-arid regions. Strategies to increase crop yields in salt stress conditions are very important, especially in systems with higher production costs, such as irrigated fruticulture. This study proposes to assess the photosynthetic efficiency and growth of Annona squamosa irrigated with saline water under different doses of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization. The assay was conducted in a greenhouse and consisted of two factors, which corresponded to two electrical conductivity of water (ECw) (0.8 and 3.0 dS m−1) and eight combinations of fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium ranging from 100 to 140% of the recommended dose, arranged in a 2 × 8 factorial scheme, with three replicates. Plants were evaluated for growth, chlorophyll a fluorescence, gas exchanges, and production over a period of 1 year. The photosynthetic efficiency in the vegetative stage of A. squamosa plants is the most affected by salt stress. Stomatal closure and damage to the quantum efficiency of photosystem II are the main factors responsible for the reduction of photosynthesis and growth. In the reproductive stage, A. squamosa plants acclimated to salt stress, with no effect of salinity on the photochemical efficiency and stomatal conductance, but the damage to photosynthesis was not reversed and contributed to reducing production. The fertilizer combination C6 (140:100:140% or 56:60:84 g plant−1 year−1 of N:P2O5:K2O) is recommended to mitigate salt stress and increase A. squamosa production.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amorim AV, Gomes Filho E, Bezerra MA, Prisco JT, Lacerda CF (2010) Physiologic responses of precocious dwarf cashew at different levels of salinity. Rev Ciênc Agron 41:113–121. https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20100016
Baker NR, Rosenqvist E (2004) Applications of chlorophyll fluorescence can improve crop production strategies: an examination of future possibilities. J Exp Bot 55:1607–1621. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erh196
Bard MA, Shafei AM (2002) Salt tolerance in two wheat varieties and its relation to potassium nutrition. J Agric Res 35:115–128
Bray RH (1954) A nutrient mobility concept of soil plant relationship. Soil Sci 78:9–22. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-195407000-00002
Cavalcante LF, Pereira WE, Curvêlo CRS, Nascimento JAM, Cavalcante IHL (2012) Nutritional status of the sugar apple under organic fertilizing of the soil. Rev Ciênc Agron 43:579–588. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-66902012000300022
Dąbrowski P, Kalaji MH, Baczewska AH, Pawluśkiewicz B, Mastalerczuk G, Borawska-Jarmułowicz B, Paunov M, Goltsev V (2017) Delayed chlorophyll a fluorescence, MR820, and gas exchange changes in perennial ryegrass under salt stress. J Lumin 183:322–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2016.11.031
EMBRAPA–Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (2009) Manual de análises químicas de solos, plantas e fertilizantes. Embrapa Solos, Brasília
Ferreira DF (2011) Sisvar: a computer statistical analysis system. Ciênc Agrotecnol 35:1039–1042. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542011000600001
Ferreira Neto M, Holanda JS, Gheyi HR, Folegatti MV, Dias NS (2014) Soil chemical properties and nutritional status in ‘anão verde’ coconut fertigated with nitrogen and potassium. Rev Caatinga 27:30–40
Garriga M, Retamales JB, Bravo SR, Caligari PDS, Lobos GA (2014) Chlorophyll, anthocyanin, and gas exchange changes assessed by spectroradiometry in Fragaria chiloensis under salt stress. J Integr Plant Biol 56:505–515. https://doi.org/10.1111/jipb.12193
Gupta B, Huang B (2014) Mechanism of salinity tolerance in plants: physiological, biochemical, and molecular characterization. Int J Genom 2014:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/701596
Hawerroth FJ, Serrano LAL, Martins MVV, Oliveira MMT (2013) Doses de adubo de liberação lenta na produção de mudas de pinheira em tubetes. Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Fortaleza
Heidari M, Jamshid P (2010) Interaction between salinity and potassium on grain yield, carbohydrate content and nutrient uptake in pearl millet. J Agric Biol Sci 5:39–46
Ho LC (1988) Metabolism and compartimentation of imported sugars in sink organs in relation to sink strength. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 39:355–378. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.39.060188.002035
Hussain S, Luro F, Costantino G, Ollitrault P, Morillon R (2012) Physiological analysis of salt stress behavior of citrus species and genera: low chloride accumulation as an indicator of salt tolerance. South Afr J Bot 81:103–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2012.06.004
Pereira-Junior EB, Oliveira FHT, Oliveira FT, Silva GF, Hafle OM, Silva ARC (2015) Nitrogen and phosphate fertilization and culture in the bean cowpea irrigated in the city of Sousa-PB. Global Sci Technol 8:110–121. https://doi.org/10.14688/1984-3801/gst.v8n1p110-121
Lacerda CF, Assis Júnior JO, Lemos Filho LCA, Guimarães FVA, Oliveira TS, Gomes Filho E, Prisco JT, Bezerra MA (2006) Morpho-physiological responses of cowpea leaves to salt stress. Braz J Plant Physiol 18:455–465. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-04202006000400003
Lemos EEP (2014) The production of Annona fruits in Brazil. Rev Bras Frutic 36:77–85. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-29452014000500009
Liebig JV (1842) Chemistry in its application to agriculture and physiology, 2nd edn. Taylor & Walton, London
Machado DFSP, Machado EC, Machado RS, Ribeiro RV (2010) Effects of low night temperature and rootstocks on diurnal variation of leaf gas exchange rates and photochemical activity of ‘Valência’ sweet orange plants. Rev Bras Frutic 32:351–359. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-29452010005000064
Marler TE, Zozor Y (1996) Salinity influences photosynthetic characteristics, water relations, and foliar mineral composition of Annona squamosaL. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 121:243–248. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.121.2.243
Medeiros JF (1992) Qualidade da água de irrigação utilizada nas propriedades assistidas pelo “GAT” nos Estados do RN, PB, CE e avaliação da salinidade dos solos. Dissertation, Federal University of Campina Grande
Munns R (2002) Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell Environ 25:239–250. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00808.x
Munns R, Tester M (2008) Mechanism of salinity tolerance. Annu Rev Plant Biol 59:651–681. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092911
Passos VM, Santana NO, Gama FC, Oliveira JG, Azevedo RA, Vitória AP (2005) Growth and ion uptake in Annona muricata and A. squamosa subjected to salt stress. Biol Plant 49:285–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-005-5288-4
Prazeres SS, Lacerda CF, Barbosa FEL, Amorim AV, Araújo ICS, Cavalcante LF (2015) Growth and gas exchange in the cowpea under saline irrigation and rates of potassium. Rev Agroambiente On-line 9:111–118. https://doi.org/10.18227/1982-8470ragro.v9i2.2161
Sá FVS, Brito MEB, Ferreira IB, Antônio Neto P, Silva LA, Costa EFB (2015) Salt balance and initial growth of custard apple under substrates irrigated with saline water. Irriga 20:544–556. https://doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2015v20n3p544
Sá FVS, Gheyi HR, Lima GS, Paiva EP, Fernandes PD, Moreira RCL, Silva LA, Ferreira Neto M (2017) Water relations and gas exchanges of West Indian cherry under salt stress and nitrogen and phosphorus doses. J Agric Sci 9:168–177. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n10p168
Sá FVS, Gheyi HR, Lima GS, Paiva EP, Moreira RCL, Silva LA (2018) Water salinity, nitrogen and phosphorus on photochemical efficiency and growth of the West Indian cherry (Malphigia emarginata). Rev Bras Eng Agric Ambient 22:158–163. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n3p158-163
Sá FVS, Gheyi HR, Lima GS, Paiva EP, Silva LA, Moreira RCL, Fernandes PD, Dias AS (2019) Ecophysiology of West Indian cherry irrigated with saline water under phosphorus and nitrogen doses. Biosci J 35:211–221. https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v35n1a2019-41742
São-José AR, Pires MM, Freitas ALGE, Ribeiro DP, Perez AAL (2014) Actuality and perspectives of annonaceous in the world. Rev Bras Frutic 36:86–93. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-29452014000500010
Silva AQ, Silva H (1997) Nutrição e adubação de Anonáceas. In: São José AR, Souza IVB, Morais OM, Rebouças TNH (eds) Anonáceas, produção e mercado (pinha, graviola, atemóia e cherimólia). DFZ/UESB, Vitória da Conquista, pp 118–137
Silva LA, Brito MEB, Sá FVS, Moreira RCL, Soares Filho WS, Fernandes PD (2014) Physiological mechanisms in citrus hybrids under saline stress in hydroponic system. Rev Bras Eng Agric Ambient 18:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v18nsupps1-s7
Sousa JRM, Gheyi HR, Brito MEB, Xavier DA, Furtado GF (2016) Impact of saline conditions and nitrogen fertilization on citrus production and gas exchanges. Rev Caatinga 29:415–424. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252016v29n218rc
Syvertsen JP, Garcia-Sanchez F (2014) Multiple abiotic stresses occurring with salinity stress in citrus. Environ Exp Bot 103:128–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2013.09.015
Taiz L, Zeiger E, Møller IM, Murphy A (2015) Plant physiology and development, 6th edn. Sinauer Associates, New York
Xu X, Li Y, Wang B, Hu J, Liao Y (2015) Salt stress induced sex-related spatial heterogeneity of gas exchange rates over the leaf surface in Populus cathayana Rehd. Acta Physiol Plant 37:1709–1718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-014-1709-3
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the National Coordination Committee for Higher Educational Personnel (CAPES)-Financing Code 001, the National Council for the Development of Science and Technology (CNPq) and the National Institute of Science and Technology in Salinity (INCTSal).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The corresponding author declares no conflict of interest on behalf of all authors.
Additional information
Communicated by S. Esposito.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
da Silva Sá, F.V., Gheyi, H.R., de Lima, G.S. et al. The right combination of N-P-K fertilization may mitigate salt stress in custard apple (Annona squamosa L.). Acta Physiol Plant 43, 59 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-021-03225-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-021-03225-1