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New efficient M2C and M2M mutual authentication protocols for IoT-based healthcare applications

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Abstract

With the rapid advancement of heterogeneous wireless technologies and their proliferation in ambient connected objects, the Internet of Things (IoT) is a paradigm that revolutionizes communication between people/objects. Communication between connected objects is achieved via various communication modes, including Machine-to-Machine (M2M) and Machine-to-Cloud (M2C). In the medical field, monitoring devices help to collect, exchange and process patient health parameters, and are employed in open and unprotected environments, which expose them to various attacks. For this reason, providing high levels of security and privacy become crucial, and a first requirement to ensure this is authentication. In this paper, we propose three new lightweight, efficient authentication protocols for IoT-based healthcare applications. We formally verify them using AVISPA and ProVerif automated tools. For each protocol, we provide a security analysis and a performance evaluation that we compare to related existing proposals.

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Acknowledgements

This work is supported by the ex-Région Limousin, under grant for project “IoTSec”, by the MIRES research federation under grants for projects “SCOPE”, “SPOCK” and “SPOCK2”, by the Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine under the grant for project “SVP-IoT” and by the ID-Fix project, an ANR funded project (ANR-16-CE39-0004).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire LARI, Computer Science Department, Université de Tizi Ouzou, Tizi Ouzou, Algeria

    Fatma Merabet, Amina Cherif & Malika Belkadi

  2. MathIS, XLIM (UMR CNRS 7252/Université de Limoges), Limoges, France

    Fatma Merabet, Amina Cherif, Olivier Blazy, Emmanuel Conchon & Damien Sauveron

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  1. Fatma Merabet
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  3. Malika Belkadi
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  4. Olivier Blazy
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  6. Damien Sauveron
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Correspondence to Damien Sauveron.

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This article is part of the Topical Collection: Special Issue on IoT System Technologies based on Quality of Experience

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Appendix: AVISPA and ProVerif specifications for protocols

Appendix: AVISPA and ProVerif specifications for protocols

1.1 A.1 AVISPA

1.1.1 A.1.1 Jin et al.’s authentication protocol improvements

There are two basic roles, S and T, which explain the activity of Server and Ti.

  • There are two agents T, S and they both use a hash function H, a modular multiplication function MULT, a scalar multiplication function MECC, a modular addition function ADD, a points addition function ADDP and a curve generator P, and a smart object T identity Idt, its identity hash result HidT and server public key Ps, to compute the authentication message AUTHI and AUTHS.

  • Secrecy of identity of smart object T Idt, its identity hash result HidT, the server’s secret key Xs and secret random numbers Ri, Rs is modeled using the goal predicates secret(Idt, sec_idt, T), secret(Idt, sec_idt, S), secret(HidT, sec_hidt, T), secret(HidT, sec_hidt, S), secret (Xs, sec_xs , S), secret(Ri', sec_ri, T), secret(Rs', sec_rs, S) which are maintained by the protocol_id: sec_idt, sec_hidt, sec_xs, sec_ri and sec_rs respectively. The parameters Idt, HidT, Xs and Ri, Rs are kept secret to T and S.

  • Mutual authentication is achieved via witness and request goals, i.e. witness(T, S, auth_i, AUTHI'), request(S, T, auth_i, AUTHI'), witness(S, T, auth_s, AUTHS'), request(T, S, auth_s, AUTHS'). witness(T, S, auth_i, AUTHI') declares that agent T claims to be the peer of agent S, agreeing on the value AUTHI'. auth_i is the name of AUTHI' authentication shown in the goal section, whereas request(S, T, auth_i, AUTHI') declares that agent S accepts the value AUTHI' and now relies on the guarantee that agent T exists and agrees with it on this value.

  • The environment contains the global constants and the composition of one or more sessions. The intruder participates as a concrete session in the execution protocol.

figure h
Listing 1
figure i

AVISPA specification

Full size image

1.1.2 A.1.2 Hash-based authentication protocol

There are two basic roles, S and T, which explain the activity of Server and Ti.

  • There are two agents T, S and they both use a hash function H, a scalar multiplication function MECC, a curve generator P, and a smart object T identity Idt and its identity hash result HidT respectively to compute the authentication message AUTHI and AUTHS.

  • Secrecy of identity of smart object T Idt, its identity hash result HidT and secret random numbers Ri, Rs are modeled using the goal predicates secret(Idt, sec_idt, T), secret(Idt, sec_idt, S), secret(HidT, sec_hidt, T), secret(HidT, sec_hidt, S), secret(Ri', sec_ri, T), secret(Rs', sec_rs, S) , which are maintained by the protocol_id: sec_idt, sec_hidt, sec_ri, sec_rs respectively. The parameters Idt, HidT and Ri, Rs are kept secret to T and S.

  • Mutual authentication is achieved via witness and request goals; i.e., witness(T, S, auth_i, AUTHI'), request(S, T, auth_i, AUTHI'), witness (S, T, auth_s, AUTHS'), request (T, S, auth_s, AUTHS'). witness(T, S, auth_i, AUTHI') declares that agent T claims to be the peer of agent S, agreeing on the value AUTHI'. auth_i is the name of AUTHI' authentication shown in the goal section whereas request(S, T, auth_i, AUTHI') declares that agent S accepts the value AUTHI' and now relies on the guarantee that agent T exists and agrees with it on this value.

  • The environment contains the global constants and the composition of one or more sessions. The intruder participates as a concrete session in the execution protocol.

figure j
Listing 2
figure k

AVISPA specification

Full size image

1.1.3 A.1.3 ECC-based authentication protocol

There are two basic roles, A and B, which explain the activity of Ti and Tj nodes.

  • There are two agents A, B and they both use a hash function H, a modular multiplication function MULT, a scalar multiplication function MECC, a points addition function ADDP, an initialization function INITVAR and a curve generator P, server public key Ps, private/public keys Xa/Pa, Xb/Pb, and public key Schnorr signature (Ppa, Za), (Ppb, Zb) respectively to compute the authentication messages AUTHA and AUTHB.

  • Secrecy of private keys Xa, Xb and secret random numbers Ra, Rb is modeled using the goal predicates secret(Xa, sec_xa, A), secret(Xb, sec_ xb, B), secret(Ra', sec_ra, A), secret(Rb', sec_rb, B), which are maintained by the protocol_id: sec_xa, sec_xb, sec_ra, sec_rb respectively. The parameters (Xa, Ra) and (Xb, Rb) are kept secret to A and B respectively.

  • Mutual authentication is achieved via witness and request goals i.e. witness(A, B, auth_a, AUTHA'), request(B, A, auth_a, AUTHA'), witness(B, A, auth_b, AUTHB'), request(A, B, auth_b, AUTHB'). witness(A, B, auth_a, AUTHA') declares that agent A claims to be the peer of agent B, agreeing on the value AUTHA'. auth_a is the name of AUTHA' authentication shown in the goal section whereas request(B, A, auth_a, AUTHA') declares that agent B accepts the value AUTHA' and now relies on the guarantee that agent A exists and agrees with it on this value.

  • The environment contains the global constants and the composition of one or more sessions. The intruder participates as a concrete session in the execution protocol.

figure l
Listing 3
figure m

AVISPA specification

Full size image

1.2 A.2 ProVerif

1.2.1 A.2.1 Applied Pi calculus specification script of Jin et al.’s authentication protocol improvements

Explanations of the applied pi calculus scripts are the following:

  • The secrets xs, idt and hidt are declared as secret to the attacker using the word [private]. ch is the public channel where SERVERS and SOI exchange their messages. The one-way hash function is modeled by H1, H2 and H3, for hashing one, two and three elements respectively. mult, mecc, add, addp, concat and xor represent modular multiplication, scalar multiplication, modular addition, points addition, concatenation and xor functions respectively.

  • Secrecy of idt, hidt, xs, ri and rs is verified with queries query attacker(idt), query attacker(hidt), query attacker(xs), query attacker(new ri) and query attacker(new rs).

  • Mutual authentication between the Ti and Server is modeled with the definition of four events that are mapped in the SOI and SERVERS sub-processes and the following queries:

    figure p

  • In the main process, SERVERS and SOI sub-processes are running in parallel. ! indicates an unlimited number of processes:

    figure q
    Listing 4
    figure n

    ProVerif specification

    Full size image
    figure o

1.2.2 A.2.2 ProVerif results of Jin et al.’s authentication protocol improvements

Listing 5
figure r

ProVerif results

Full size image

1.2.3 A.2.3 Applied Pi calculus specification script of hash-based authentication protocol

Explanations of the applied pi calculus scripts are the following:

  • The secrets idt, hidt are declared as secret to the attacker using the word [private]. ch is the public channel where SERVERS and SOI exchange their messages and h, mecc, concat, xor represent hash, scalar multiplication, concatenation and xor functions respectively.

  • Secrecy of idt, hidt, ri and rs is verified with queries query attacker(idt), query attacker(hidt), query attacker(new ri) and query attacker(new rs).

  • Mutual authentication between the Ti and Server is modeled with definition of four events that are mapped in the SOI and SERVERS sub-processes and the following queries:

    figure u

  • In the main process, SERVERS and SOI sub-processes are running in parallel. ! indicates an unlimited number of processes:

    figure v
    Listing 6
    figure s

    ProVerif specification

    Full size image
    figure t

1.2.4 A.2.4 ProVerif results of hash-based authentication protocol

Listing 7
figure w

ProVerif results

Full size image

1.2.5 A.2.5 Applied Pi calculus specification script of ECC-based authentication protocol

Explanations of the applied pi calculus scripts are the following:

  • The secrets xa, xb are declared as secret to the attacker using the word [private]. ch is the public channel where SOA and SOB exchange their messages and h, mult, mecc, addp represent hash, multiplication, scalar multiplication and points addition functions respectively.

  • Secrecy of xa, xb, ra and rb is verified with query attacker(xa), query attacker(xb), query attacker(new ra) and query attacker(new rb).

  • Mutual authentication between Ti and Tj is modeled with the definition of four events that are mapped in the SOA and SOB sub-processes and the following queries:

    figure aa

  • In the main process, SOA and SOB sub-processes are running in parallel. ! indicates an unlimited number of processes:

    figure ab
    Listing 8
    figure x

    ProVerif specification

    Full size image
    figure y

1.2.6 A.2.6 ProVerif results of ECC-based authentication protocol

Listing 9
figure z

ProVerif results

Full size image

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Merabet, F., Cherif, A., Belkadi, M. et al. New efficient M2C and M2M mutual authentication protocols for IoT-based healthcare applications. Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl. 13, 439–474 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-019-00782-8

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