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Modelling of GNSS station position time series using deep learning approaches

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Abstract

GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) time series are indispensable in geodesy, geophysics, and other Earth sciences, and serve as important tools for monitoring crustal deformation, plate tectonics, and other geodynamic phenomena. Analytical methods are used to improve the robustness and data quality of the results obtained from GNSS station position time series. The objective of this paper is to investigate the applicability of deep learning techniques in modeling and prediction studies on GNSS station position time series. The performance of 8 deep learning models, including Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), Temporal Convolution Network (TCN), TCN-Leaky ReLU, TCN-Leaky ReLU-LSTM, Bidirectional LSTM, Bidirectional GRU, and Stack-LSTM, are analyzed based on the traditional Least Squares (LS) method and their ability to improve the prediction accuracy on three components of 9 GNSS stations in Western Turkey. The results show that the deep learning methods provide improvements in Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) by 45% and 53% in the East component, 44% and 51% in the North component, and 34% and 41% in the Up component, respectively, compared to the LS model. The study provides a detailed comparative analysis of model performance and demonstrates the performance of the Bi-LSTM and Bi-GRU and GRU models in handling high noise environments and complex transient changes at some stations.

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Data Availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions, which have significantly helped improve the quality of our manuscript. Additionally, we extend our gratitude to the Nevada Geodetic Laboratory (NGL) for providing the daily Precise Point Positioning (PPP) solutions that were essential for our study.

Funding

The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geomatic Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus, Istanbul, 34220, Turkey

    Merve Şimşek & Uğur Doğan

  2. Department of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus, Istanbul, 34220, Turkey

    Murat Taşkıran

Authors
  1. Merve Şimşek
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  2. Murat Taşkıran
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  3. Uğur Doğan
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Merve Şimşek and reviewed and edited by Murat Taşkıran. The project administration was carried out by Uğur Doğan. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Merve Şimşek. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Merve Şimşek.

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Communicated by: Hassan Babaie.

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Şimşek, M., Taşkıran, M. & Doğan, U. Modelling of GNSS station position time series using deep learning approaches. Earth Sci Inform 18, 96 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-024-01576-0

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