Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Energy efficiency optimization of electric vehicle driven by in-wheel motors

  • Published:
International Journal of Automotive Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Electric vehicle is considered to be the solution for energy and environment crisis, but it’s still not competitive enough with conventional vehicles because of the limited energy density and high cost of the power battery. So the energy efficiency is of the most importance for the control of electric vehicles. This paper looks into the energy efficiency optimization problem of electric vehicle driven by four in-wheel motors by developing a comprehensive energy efficiency model of the permanent magnet synchronous motor including the inverter. The calculated efficiency agrees with the measured data quite well. Based on the power loss analysis, the conclusion is drawn that in all driving or braking conditions the total torque requirement should be distributed evenly to all the motors in order to maximize the energy efficiency for electric vehicles driven by permanent magnet synchronous in-wheel motors. Vehicle test results show that the energy efficiency of the evenly distributed torque control is higher than the control strategy proposed by control allocation in literature.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

Abbreviations

a dr, b dr, c dr :

coefficient for the equation of motor power loss in driving condition

a rb, b rb, c rb :

coefficient for the equation of motor power loss in braking condition

C iss :

MOSFET input capacitance (F)

C rss :

MOSFET reverse-transfer capacitance (F)

eSW:

energy loss during one switching (J)

i d :

d-axis armature current (A)

i q :

q-axis armature current (A)

i od :

d-axis copper loss current (A)

i oq :

q-axis copper loss current (A)

i cd :

d-axis iron loss current (A)

i cq :

q-axis iron loss current (A)

i m :

phase current amplitude (A)

i g2 :

average gate current during the second phase of MOSFET switching on (A)

i g3 :

average gate current during the third phase of MOSFET switching on (A)

J :

cost function of energy efficiency optimization

k 1, k 2 :

coefficient for the expression of inverter loss

L :

motor inductance (H)

L d :

d-axis inductance (H)

L q :

q-axis inductance (H)

n i :

rotating speed of the i th motor (rpm)

n p :

number of pole pairs

P out :

output power (W)

P in :

input power (W)

P loss :

loss power (W)

P loss,t :

total loss power of four motors (W)

P loss,f :

loss power of the front motor (W)

P loss,r :

loss power of the rear motor (W)

P l :

power loss without copper loss (W)

P Cu :

copper loss (W)

P Fe :

iron loss (W)

P m :

friction loss (W)

P s :

stray loss (W)

P inv :

inverter loss (W)

P C :

inverter conduction loss (W)

P C,MOS :

MOSFET conduction loss (W)

P C,D :

diode conduction loss (W)

P SW :

inverter switching loss (W)

R a :

armature resistance (Ω)

R c :

iron loss equivalent resistance (Ω)

R ds :

MOSFET resistance during conduction (Ω)

R ak :

diode resistance during conduction (Ω)

R hi :

MOSFET driver resistance (Ω)

R gate :

resistance between MOSFET driver and MOSFET gate (Ω)

R gi :

MOSFET gate resistance (Ω)

t 2 :

time duration of the second phase of MOSFET switching (s)

t 3 :

time duration of the third phase of MOSFET switching (s)

t c :

PWM cycle time (s)

t d :

dead time (s)

T :

motor output torque (Nm)

T e :

motor electromagnetic torque (Nm)

T i :

output torque of the i th motor (Nm)

T req :

total torque requirement (Nm)

T f :

output torque of the front motor (Nm)

T r :

output torque of the rear motor (Nm)

T m :

friction torque (Nm)

T min :

minimum torque output (Nm)

T max :

maximum torque output (Nm)

T i0 :

no-load iron loss torque (Nm)

T drag :

dynamometer dragging torque (Nm)

u d :

d-axis terminal voltage (V)

u q :

q-axis terminal voltage (V)

u th :

gate threshold voltage (V)

u gs,mil :

gate miller plateau voltage (V)

u drv :

MOSFET driving circuit voltage (V)

u bat :

battery voltage (V)

u ds,off :

voltage across the drain and source when MOSFET is off (V)

u ds :

MOSFET voltage drop during conduction (V)

u ak :

diode voltage drop during conduction (V)

u f :

diode voltage drop at zero current (V)

η :

energy efficiency of the motor (%)

η i :

energy efficiency of the ith motor (%)

η f :

energy efficiency of the front motor (%)

η r :

energy efficiency of the rear motor (%)

η dr :

motor energy efficiency in driving condition (%)

η rb :

motor energy efficiency in braking condition (%)

ω :

motor electrical angular velocity (rad/s)

ω c :

motor mechanical rotating speed (rad/s)

Ψ d :

d-axis flux-linkage (Wb)

Ψ q :

q-axis flux-linkage (Wb)

Ψ f :

permanent magnet flux-linkage (Wb)

References

  • Balogh, L. (2001). Design and application guide for high speed MOSFET gate drive circuits [online]. Texas Instruments. Available from: http://www.ti.com/lit/ml/slup169/slup169.pdf [Accessed 20 December 2011].

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavallaro, C., Ditommaso, A. O., Miceli, R., Raciti, A., Galluzzo, G. R. and Trapanese, M. (2005). Efficiency enhancement of permanent-magnet synchronous motor drives by online loss minimization approaches. IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics 52,4, 1153–1160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cvetkovski, G. and Petkovska, L. (2008). Efficiency maximisation in structural design optimisation of permanent magnet synchronous motor. Proc. 18th Int. Conf. Electrical Machines, 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubhashi, A. and Pelly, B. R. (1989). A comparison of IGBTs and power MOSFETs for variable frequency motor drives. Proc. 4th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Conf. Exposition, 67–74.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fang, L., Jung, J., Hong, J. and Lee, J. (2008). Study on high-efficiency performance in interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor with double-layer PM Design. IEEE Trans. Magnetics 44,11, 4393–4396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hori, Y. (2004). Future vehicle driven by electricity and control — Research on four-wheel-motored “UOT Electric March II”. IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics 51,5, 954–962.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Lai, J. S., Young, R. W., Ott Jr., G. W. and McKeever, J. W. (1995). Efficiency modeling and evaluation of a resonant snubber based soft-switching inverter for motor drive applications. Proc. 26th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf., 2, 943–949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morimoto, S., Tong, Y., Takeda, Y. and Hirasa, T. (1994). Loss minimization control of permanent magnet synchronous motor drives. IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics 41,5, 511–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sakai, S., Sado, H. and Hori, Y. (1999). Motion control in an electric vehicle with four independently driven in-wheel motors. IEEE-ASME Trans. Mechatronics 4,1, 9–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Urasaki, N., Senjyu, T. and Uezato, K. (2000). An accurate modeling for permanent magnet synchronous motor drives. IEEE Trans. Industry Applications 35,3, 387–392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wai, R., Duan, R., Lee, J. and Liu, L. (2005). Highefficiency fuel-cell power inverter with soft-switching resonant technique. IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion 20,2, 485–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, B., Luo, Y., Fan, J. and Li, K. (2010). A study on driving force distribution of four-wheel-independent drive electric vehicle based on control allocation. Automotive Engineering 32,2, 128–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, R., Chen, Y., Feng, D., Huang, X. and Wang, J. (2011). Development and performance characterization of an electric ground vehicle with independently actuated in-wheel motors. J. Power Sources 196,8, 3962–3971.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, J. Q. (2003). Study on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drive System in Electric Vehicle Application. Ph. D. Dissertation. Shenyang University of Technology. Shenyang. China.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, Z., Zhang, L. and Xiong, L. (2005). Optimized torque distribution control to achieve higher fuel economy of 4WD electric vehicle with four in-wheel motors. J. Tongji University (Natural Science) 33,10, 1355–1361.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    J. Gu, M. Ouyang, D. Lu, J. Li & L. Lu

Authors
  1. J. Gu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. Ouyang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. D. Lu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. J. Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. L. Lu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Ouyang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gu, J., Ouyang, M., Lu, D. et al. Energy efficiency optimization of electric vehicle driven by in-wheel motors. Int.J Automot. Technol. 14, 763–772 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-013-0084-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-013-0084-1

Key Words

Search

Navigation