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Environmental Analysis of Land Use and Land Change of Najran City: GIS and Remote Sensing

  • Research Article-Civil Engineering
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Abstract

This study critically analyzes changes in land use and land cover by means of multi-temporal remote sensing of Najran City in Saudi Arabia between 1975 and 2019. A number of remotely sensed data were employed to create multi-maps using: (a) the normalized difference vegetation index; (b) head-up digitizing; and (c) supervised classification of Landsat images using field observation and accuracy assessment, including field verification and Google Earth Professional. Criteria from a well-known technique of environmental assessment, the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM), were used to critically analyze land use and evaluate levels of sustainability, with particular focus on ecology. Therefore, land around Najran can be characterized as follows: (1) Najran valley; (2) agricultural land; (3) built-up areas; (4) reclaimed land; (5) basement rock; and (6) desert. The results indicate that agricultural land grew from an average of 39.81 km2 (1.07%) in 1975 to 218.51 km2 (5.9%) in 2005, although this was followed by a marked decline between 2005 and 2019. Urban land increased from 1.12 km2 (0.031%) in 1975 to 154.35 km2 (4.13%) in 2019. Furthermore, there was approximately 1289.47 km2 of reclaimed land in 1975 (i.e., 34.64% of the total area study area) but approximately 1151.1 km2 (30.86%) in 2019. There was a small amount of desert (i.e., sand dunes) in the study area, and no change was recorded in the basement rock. This study analyzed these land changes, likening them to BREEAM criteria of ecology and land use. A number of unsustainable practices were potentially resulting in serious land contamination and pollution of both surface and ground water, as well as an increased risk of flooding.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the ministry of education and the deanship of scientific research—Najran University—The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for their financial and technical support under code number (NU/ESCI/16/078).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Ahmed K. Abd El Aal & Saleh H. Alyami

  2. Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, Egypt

    Ahmed K. Abd El Aal & Mostafa Kamel

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  1. Ahmed K. Abd El Aal
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  2. Mostafa Kamel
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  3. Saleh H. Alyami
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Correspondence to Saleh H. Alyami.

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Abd El Aal, A.K., Kamel, M. & Alyami, S.H. Environmental Analysis of Land Use and Land Change of Najran City: GIS and Remote Sensing. Arab J Sci Eng 45, 8803–8816 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04884-x

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