Abstract
Urbanization involving replacement of previous areas with impervious surfaces and drainage channel modifications results in increased runoff volume leading to flooding and also in deteriorating the quality of the stormwater runoff. An effective and efficient stormwater management is needed in the urban areas for mitigating the impacts and overcoming the problems associated with the urban stormwater. An attempt has been made in the present study to investigate the relationships between stormwater quality and five different land uses for the Patiala city of Punjab State. Stormwater samples collected from these locations, between April 2010 and March 2011, were analyzed for various organic and inorganic water quality parameters and heavy metals. Inter-parameter relationships studied provided vital information in deciding upon the treatment units most likely to be suitable for that particular sub-watershed. Multiple regression modeling helped in assessment of water quality parameters and predicting the quality well before actually analyzing the parameters and thus aided in developing treatment schemes suitable for taking care of the stormwater quality even under worst set of conditions. The outcomes of the research study effectively contributed toward conceptualizing a decentralized stormwater treatment system that would be capable of coping with the stormwater runoff-associated problems faced by the city and can serve as a model for other under-developed and developing cities having improper stormwater management facilities.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
APHA (2005) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 21st edn. American Public Health Association, Washington
Arora AS, Reddy AS (2013) Multivariate analysis for assessing the quality of stormwater from different urban surfaces of the Patiala city, Punjab (India). Urban Water J 10(6):422–433
Arora AS, Reddy AS (2014) Development of multiple linear regression models for predicting the stormwater quality of urban sub-watersheds. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. doi:10.1007/s00128-013-1160-y
Ball JE, Jenks R, Aubourg D (1998) An assessment of the availability of pollutant constituents on road surfaces. Sci Total Environ 209:243–254
Birch GF, Fazeli MS, Matthai C (2005) Efficiency of an infiltration basin in removing contaminants from urban stormwater. Environ Monit Assess 101:23–38
Birch GF, Matthai C, Fazeli MS (2006) Efficiency of a retention/detention basin to remove contaminants from urban stormwater. Urban Water J 3(2):69–77
Caltrans (2000) Guidance Manual: Stormwater Monitoring Protocols. Report no. CTSW-RT-00-005. California Department of Transportation, Sacramento
Caltrans (2002) Monitoring and Water Quality Research Program: 2002–2003 Data Reporting Protocols, Report no CTSW-RT-02-067. California Department of Transportation, Sacramento
Chang M, McBroom MW, Beasley RS (2004) Roofing as a source of non-point water pollution. J Environ Manag 73:307–315
Chebbo G, Gromaire MC (2004) The experimental urban catchment ‘‘Le Marais’’ in Paris: what lessons can be learn from it? J Hydrol 299:312–323
Choe JS, Bang KW, Lee LH (2002) Characterization of surface runoff in urban areas. Water Sci Technol 45(9):249–254
Davis B, Birch G (2010) Comparison of heavy metal loads in stormwater runoff from major and minor urban roads using pollutant yield rating curves. Environ Pollut 158(8):2541–2545
Davis AP, Shokouhian M, Sharma H, Minami C (2001) Laboratory study of biological retention for urban stormwater management. Water Environ Res 73:5–14
Deletic A (1998) The first flush load of urban surface runoff. Water Res 32(8):2462–2470
Gnecco I, Berretta C, Lanza LG (2005) Storm water pollution in the urban environment of Genoa, Italy. Atmospheric Res 77:60–73
Goonetilleke A, Thomas E, Ginn S (2005) Understanding the role of land use in urban stormwater quality management. J Environ Manag 74:31–42
Graves G, Wan Y, Fike L (2004) Water quality characteristics of stormwater from major land uses in South Florida. J Am Water Resour Assoc 40:1405–1419
Hatt BE, Deltic A, Fletcher TD (2006) Integrated treatment and recycling of stormwater: a review of Australian practice. J Environ Manag 79:102–113
Hossain I, Imteaz MA, Hossain MI (2011) Application of build-up and wash-off models for an East-Australian catchment. Int J Civil Environ Eng 3(3):156–161
Huang JL, Du PF, Ao CT, Lei MH, Zhao DQ, Ho MH, Wang ZS (2007) Characterization of surface runoff from a subtropics urban catchment. J Environ Sci 19(2):148–152
Kayhanian M, Suverkropp C, Ruby A, Tsay K (2007) Characterization and prediction of highway runoff constituent event mean concentration. J Environ Manag 85:279–295
Kim LH, Kayhanian M, Lau SL, Stenstrom MK (2005) A new modeling approach in estimating first flush metal mass loading. Water Sci Technol 51(3–4):159–167
Kim LH, Zoh KD, Jeong S, Kayhanian M, Stenstrom MK (2006) Estimating pollutant mass accumulation on highways during dry periods. J Environ Eng 132(9):985–993
Lee JH, Bang KW, Ketchum LH, Choe JS, Yu MJ (2002) First flush analysis of urban storm runoff. Sci Total Environ 193:163–175
Mitchell VG, Mein RG, McMahon TA (2002) Utilising stormwater and wastewater resources in urban areas. Aust J Water Resour 6(1):31–43
Phillips BC, Thompson G (2002) Virtual stormwater management planning in the 21st century. Ninth international conference on urban drainage, Portland, Oregon
Saget A, Chebbo G, Bertrand-Krajewski JL (1996) The first flush in sewer systems. Water Sci Technol 33(9):101–108
Taebi A, Droste RL (2004) Pollution loads in urban runoff and sanitary wastewater. Sci Total Environ 327:175–184
The Environment (Protection) Rules (1986) Schedule-VI, General standards for discharge of environmental pollutants part A: effluents. Pollution control law series: PCLS/02/2010, Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi
Yaziz MI, Gunting H, Sapari N (1989) Variations in rainwater quality from roof catchments. Water Res 23(6):761–765
Yusop Z, Tan LW, Ujang Z (2005) Runoff quality and pollution loadings from a tropic urban catchment. Water Sci Technol 52(9):125–132
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Thapar University, Patiala, for providing the laboratory facilities to undertake the task of testing and analysis.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Arora, A.S., Reddy, A.S. Conceptualizing a decentralized stormwater treatment system for an urbanized city with improper stormwater drainage facilities. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 12, 2891–2900 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-014-0655-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-014-0655-3