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Role of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in the Mental Health of Preschoolers, Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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Abstract

Background

Evidence suggests that participation in physical activity may support young people’s current and future mental health. Although previous reviews have examined the relationship between physical activity and a range of mental health outcomes in children and adolescents, due to the large increase in published studies there is a need for an update and quantitative synthesis of effects.

Objectives

The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of physical activity interventions on mental health outcomes by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis, and to systematically synthesize the observational evidence (both longitudinal and cross-sectional studies) regarding the associations between physical activity and sedentary behavior and mental health in preschoolers (2–5 years of age), children (6–11 years of age) and adolescents (12–18 years of age).

Methods

A systematic search of the PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases was performed from January 2013 to April 2018, by two independent researchers. Meta-analyses were performed to examine the effect of physical activity on mental health outcomes in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs (i.e. quasi-experimental studies). A narrative synthesis of observational studies was conducted. Studies were included if they included physical activity or sedentary behavior data and at least one psychological ill-being (i.e. depression, anxiety, stress or negative affect) or psychological well-being (i.e. self-esteem, self-concept, self-efficacy, self-image, positive affect, optimism, happiness and satisfaction with life) outcome in preschoolers, children or adolescents.

Results

A total of 114 original articles met all the eligibility criteria and were included in the review (4 RCTs, 14 non-RCTs, 28 prospective longitudinal studies and 68 cross-sectional studies). Of the 18 intervention studies, 12 (3 RCTs and 9 non-RCTs) were included in the meta-analysis. There was a small but significant overall effect of physical activity on mental health in children and adolescents aged 6–18 years (effect size 0.173, 95% confidence interval 0.106–0.239, p < 0.001, percentage of total variability attributed to between-study heterogeneity [I2] = 11.3%). When the analyses were performed separately for children and adolescents, the results were significant for adolescents but not for children. Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies demonstrated significant associations between physical activity and lower levels of psychological ill-being (i.e. depression, stress, negative affect, and total psychological distress) and greater psychological well-being (i.e. self-image, satisfaction with life and happiness, and psychological well-being). Furthermore, significant associations were found between greater amounts of sedentary behavior and both increased psychological ill-being (i.e. depression) and lower psychological well-being (i.e. satisfaction with life and happiness) in children and adolescents. Evidence on preschoolers was nearly non-existent.

Conclusions

Findings from the meta-analysis suggest that physical activity interventions can improve adolescents’ mental health, but additional studies are needed to confirm the effects of physical activity on children’s mental health. Findings from observational studies suggest that promoting physical activity and decreasing sedentary behavior might protect mental health in children and adolescents. PROSPERO Registration Number: CRD42017060373.

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Acknowledgements

This work was part of María Rodriguez-Ayllon’s Ph.D. thesis (Biomedicine Doctoral Studies of the University of Granada, Spain).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” research group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

    María Rodriguez-Ayllon, Cristina Cadenas-Sánchez, Nicolas E. Muñoz, Jose Mora-Gonzalez, Jairo H. Migueles, Pablo Molina-García, Hanna Henriksson, Alejandra Mena-Molina, Francisco B. Ortega & Irene Esteban-Cornejo

  2. Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

    Fernando Estévez-López

  3. Institute of Nursing and Health Research, School of Health Sciences, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, UK

    Fernando Estévez-López

  4. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven–University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Pablo Molina-García

  5. Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

    Hanna Henriksson & Marie Löf

  6. Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain

    Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno

  7. Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Talca, Chile

    Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno

  8. Mind, Brain, and Behaviour Research Centre-CIMCYC, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

    Andrés Catena

  9. Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

    Andrés Catena

  10. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Group MLO, SE-14183, Huddinge, Sweden

    Marie Löf & Francisco B. Ortega

  11. Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Kirk I. Erickson

  12. Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Australia

    David R. Lubans

  13. Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA

    Irene Esteban-Cornejo

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  1. María Rodriguez-Ayllon
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  2. Cristina Cadenas-Sánchez
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  3. Fernando Estévez-López
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  16. Irene Esteban-Cornejo
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to María Rodriguez-Ayllon.

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Funding

This review was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (DEP2013-47540 and DEP2016-79512-R), the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the European Commission (no. 667302) and the Alicia Koplowitz Foundation. In addition, this review was conducted with additional funding from the University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigación 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence; Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidades, and the ERDF, (ref. SOMM17/6107/UGR). Cristina Cadenas-Sánchez and Fernando Estévez-López are supported by a Grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BES-2014-068829 and BES-2014-067612, respectively); Jose Mora-Gonzalez and Jairo H. Migueles are supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (FPU14/06837 and FPU15/02645, respectively); and Irene Esteban-Cornejo is supported by a Grant from the Alicia Koplowitz Foundation. In addition, this work was further supported by the SAMID III network, RETICS, funded by the PN I+D+I 2017-2021 (Spain), ISCIII-Sub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and Promotion and the ERDF (ref. RD16/0022).

Conflict of interest

María Rodriguez-Ayllon, Cristina Cadenas-Sánchez, Fernando Estévez-López, Nicolas Ernesto Muñoz, Jose Mora-Gonzalez, Jairo H. Migueles, Pablo Molina-García, Hanna Henriksson, Alejandra Mena-Molina, Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno, Andrés Catena, Marie Löf, Kirk I. Erickson, David Lubans, Francisco B. Ortega and Irene Esteban-Cornejo declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this review.

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Rodriguez-Ayllon, M., Cadenas-Sánchez, C., Estévez-López, F. et al. Role of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in the Mental Health of Preschoolers, Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 49, 1383–1410 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01099-5

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