Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Skip to main content

Advertisement

Springer Nature Link
Log in

Blockchain in IoT: Current Trends, Challenges, and Future Roadmap

  • Published:
Journal of Hardware and Systems Security Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the most promising technologies in the era of information technology. IoT enables ubiquitous data collections and network communications to bring significant and indispensable convenience and intelligence both to daily life and industrial operations. However, IoT is still confronting a number of challenges and manifesting a series of issues that need to be addressed urgently. Counterfeit hardware, software faults, security issues during communication, system management difficulties, and data privacy issues are significant issues for current IoT infrastructure. Meanwhile, blockchain, as an emerging information technology, has attracted huge public interest and has shown significant promise because of its decentralization, transparency, and security. The features of blockchain seem to be an ideal match for IoT, and by applying blockchain to an IoT environment, some of the aforementioned weaknesses can be addressed. This paper’s purpose is to introduce the use of blockchain in IoT applications. We present various challenges facing an IoT system and summarize the benefits of adopting blockchain into IoT infrastructure. We primarily focus on illustrating the blockchain applications in IoT with refined capabilities and enhanced security. To shed light on blockchain in IoT research, we also discuss limitations and future directions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. The Tangle, http://iotatoken.com/IOTA_Whitepaper.pdf

  2. Bitnodes, https://bitnodes.earn.com/dashboard/?days=90, Accessed September 2019

  3. Bitcoin Energy Consumption Index, https://digiconomist.net/bitcoin-energy-consumption, Accessed July 2019

  4. Ethereum Energy Consumption Index, https://digiconomist.net/ethereum-energy-consumption, Accessed July 2019

  5. Top 100 Cryptocurrencies By Market Capitalization, https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/cardano/historical-data/?start=20170826&end=20180826

  6. 78% of malware activity in 2018 driven by iot botnets, nokia

  7. Arm trustzone. https://www.arm.com/products/silicon-ip-security

  8. Chainpoint. https://tierion.com/chainpoint/

  9. The dao attacked: code issue leads to $60 million ether theft. https://www.coindesk.com/dao-attacked-code-issue-leads-60-million-ether-theft/

  10. Hackers compromised the cryptocurrency bitcoin gold. http://fortune.com/2018/05/29/bitcoin-gold-hack/

  11. Ibm and maersk form global joint venture applying blockchain to shipping logistics. https://www.ibm.com/industries/travel-transportation/freight-logistics

  12. Ibm’s blockchain-ready cpu is smaller than a grain of salt, costs just 10 cents. https://www.research.ibm.com/5-in-5/crypto-anchors-and-blockchain/

  13. King of the ether throne refund issue. http://www.kingoftheether.com/postmortem.html

  14. Nicehash: Largest crypto-mining marketplace. https://www.nicehash.com/?lang=en

  15. Nsa prism program taps in to user data of apple, google and others. https://goo.gl/2RCCQB

  16. Study: attack on krebsonsecurity cost IoT device owners $323k. https://krebsonsecurity.com/2018/05/study-attack-on-krebsonsecurity-cost-iot-device-owners-323k/

  17. Verge suffers 51% attack yet again. https://blockexplorer.com/news/third-times-a-charm-verge-suffers-51-attack-yet-again/

  18. Abomhara M, Køien GM (2014) Security and privacy in the internet of things: current status and open issues. In: 2014 International conference on privacy and security in mobile systems (PRISMS), pp 1–8

  19. Abomhara M, Køien GM (2014) Security and privacy in the internet of things: current status and open issues. In: 2014 International conference on privacy and security in mobile systems (PRISMS)

  20. Aggarwal S, Chaudhary R, Aujla GS, Jindal A, Dua A, Kumar N (2018) Energychain: enabling energy trading for smart homes using blockchains in smart grid ecosystem. In: Proceedings of the 1st ACM MobiHoc Workshop on Networking and Cybersecurity for Smart Cities, SmartCitiesSecurity’18, pp 1:1–1:6

  21. Al-Fuqaha A, Guizani M, Mohammadi M, Aledhari M, Ayyash M (2015) Internet of things: a survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials

  22. Alam M, Chowdhury S, Tehranipoor M, Guin U (2018) Robust, low-cost, and accurate detection of recycled ics using digital signatures. In: IEEE International symposium on hardware oriented security and trust (HOST)

  23. Alam M, Tehranipoor M, Guin U (2017) Tsensors vision, infrastructure and security challenges in trillion sensor era. J Hardw Syst Secur 1(4):311–327

    Google Scholar 

  24. Ali MS, Dolui K, Antonelli F (2017) Iot data privacy via blockchains and ipfs. In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on the Internet of Things, IoT ’17, pp 14:1–14:7

  25. Alliance Z (2009) Ieee 802.15. 4 zigbee standard

  26. Androulaki E, Barger A, Bortnikov V, Cachin C, Christidis K, Caro AD, Enyeart D, Ferris C, Laventman G, Manevich Y, Muralidharan S, Murthy C, Nguyen B, Sethi M, Singh G, Smith K, Sorniotti A, Stathakopoulou C, Vukolic M, Cocco SW, Yellick J (2018) Hyperledger fabric: a distributed operating system for permissioned blockchains

  27. Angeletti F, Chatzigiannakis I, Vitaletti A (2017) The role of blockchain and iot in recruiting participants for digital clinical trials

  28. Anonymous: White paper: next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform. https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/White-Paper

  29. Asiri S, Miri A (2018) A sybil resistant IoT trust model using blockchains. In: 2018 IEEE International conference on blockchain (blockchain-2018)

  30. Atzei N, Bartoletti M, Cimoli T (2017) A survey of attacks on ethereum smart contracts (sok). In: International conference on principles of security and trust. Springer

  31. Atzori L, Iera A, Morabito G (2010) The internet of things: a survey Computer networks

  32. Ayoade G, Karande V, Khan L, Hamlen K (2018) Decentralized iot data management using blockchain and trusted execution environment. In: 2018 IEEE International conference on information reuse and integration (IRI). IEEE, pp 15–22

  33. Baccelli E, Hahm O, Gunes M, Wahlisch M, Schmidt TC (2013) Riot os: towards an os for the internet of things. In: 2013 IEEE Conference on computer communications workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS)

  34. Back A, Corallo M, Dashjr L, Friedenbach M, Maxwell G, Miller A, Poelstra A, Timón J, Wuille P (2014) Enabling blockchain innovations with pegged sidechains. http://www.opensciencereview.com/papers/123/enablingblockchain-innovations-with-pegged-sidechains, pp 72

  35. Bahga A, Madisetti V (2016) Blockchain platform for industrial internet of things. J Softw Eng Appl 09:533–546

    Google Scholar 

  36. Barcena MB, Wueest C (2015) Symantic security response: insecurity in the internet of things

  37. Ben-Sasson E, Chiesa A, Tromer E, Virza M (2014) Succinct non-interactive zero knowledge for a von neumann architecture. In: Proceedings of the 23rd USENIX Conference on Security Symposium, SEC’14

  38. Benet J (2014) IPFS - content addressed, versioned P2P file system

  39. Bentov I, Hubácek P, Moran T, Nadler A (2017) Tortoise and hares consensus: the meshcash framework for incentive-compatible, scalable cryptocurrencies. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive

  40. Biswas K, Muthukkumarasamy V (2016) Securing smart cities using blockchain technology. In: 2016 IEEE 18Th international conference on high performance computing and communications; IEEE 14th international conference on smart city; IEEE 2nd international conference on data science and systems (HPCC/smartcity/DSS), pp 1392–1393

  41. Bitcoin confirmation. https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Confirmation

  42. Bitshares: Delegated proof of stake. https://bitshares.org/technology/delegated-proof-of-stake-consensus/

  43. Bluetooth S (2003) Bluetooth specification

  44. Boudguiga A, Bouzerna N, Granboulan L, Olivereau A, Quesnel F, Roger A, Sirdey R (2017) Towards better availability and accountability for iot updates by means of a blockchain. In: 2017 IEEE European symposium on security and privacy workshops (euros PW), pp 50–58

  45. Brewer E (2012) Cap twelve years later: how the ”rules” have changed. Computer 45(2):23–29

    Google Scholar 

  46. Caro MP, Ali MS, Vecchio M, Giaffreda R (2018) Blockchain-based traceability in agri-food supply chain management: a practical implementation. In: 2018 IoT vertical and topical summit on agriculture-tuscany (IOT tuscany). IEEE

  47. Casado-Vara R, Chamoso P, De la Prieta F, Prieto J, Corchado JM (2019) Non-linear adaptive closed-loop control system for improved efficiency in IoT-blockchain management. Inf Fusion 49:227–239

    Google Scholar 

  48. Castro M, Liskov B, et al. (1999) Practical byzantine fault tolerance. In: OSDI, vol 99, pp 173–186

  49. Cha SC, Chen JF, Su C, Yeh KH (2018) A blockchain connected gateway for BLE-based devices in the internet of things. IEEE Access

  50. Chandra H, Anggadjaja E, Wijaya PS, Gunawan E (2016) Internet of things: over-the-air (ota) firmware update in lightweight mesh network protocol for smart urban development. 22nd Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC)

  51. Chen W, Ma M, Ye Y, Zheng Z, Zhou Y (2018) IoT service based on jointcloud blockchain: the case study of smart traveling. In: 2018 IEEE Symposium on service-oriented system engineering (SOSE), pp 216–221

  52. Chiang M, Zhang T (2016) Fog and Iot: an overview of research opportunities. IEEE Internet of Things Journal

  53. Christidis K, Devetsikiotis M (2016) Blockchains and smart contracts for the internet of things. IEEE Access

  54. Clack CD, Bakshi VA, Braine L (2016) Smart contract templates: foundations design landscape and research directions

  55. Conoscenti M, Vetrò A, Martin JCD (2016) Blockchain for the internet of things: a systematic literature review. In: 2016 IEEE/ACS 13Th international conference of computer systems and applications (AICCSA), pp 1–6

  56. Cui P, Guin U (2019) Countering botnet of things using blockchain-based authenticity framework. In: IEEE Computer society annual symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI)

  57. Cyr B, Mahmod J, Guin U (2019) Low-cost and secure firmware obfuscation method for protecting electronic systems from cloning. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 6(2):3700–3711

    Google Scholar 

  58. Danzi P, Kalør AE, Stefanovic C, Popovski P (2017) Analysis of the communication traffic for blockchain synchronization of IoT devices. CoRR arXiv:abs/1711.00540

  59. Danzi P, Kalør AE, Stefanović Č, Popovski P (2019) Delay and communication tradeoffs for blockchain systems with lightweight iot clients. IEEE Internet J 6(2):2354–2365

    Google Scholar 

  60. David B, Gaži P, Kiayias A, Russell A (2018) Ouroboros praos: an adaptively-secure, semi-synchronous proof-of-stake blockchain. In: Advances in cryptology – EUROCRYPT

  61. David DS (2014) The ripple protocol consensus algorithm

  62. Daza V, Pietro RD, Klimek I, Signorini M (2017) Connect: contextual name discovery for blockchain-based services in the iot. In: 2017 IEEE International conference on communications (ICC), pp 1–6

  63. Ding S, Cao J, Li C, Fan K, Li H (2019) A novel attribute-based access control scheme using blockchain for iot. IEEE Access 7:38,431–38,441

    Google Scholar 

  64. Dodis Y, Yampolskiy A (2005) A verifiable random function with short proofs and keys. In: Public key cryptography - PKC 2005

    Google Scholar 

  65. Dorri A, Kanhere SS, Jurdak R, Gauravaram P (2017) Blockchain for iot security and privacy: the case study of a smart home. In: 2017 IEEE International conference on pervasive computing and communications workshops (percom workshops), pp 618–623

  66. Dorri A, Kanhere SS, Jurdak R, Gauravaram P (2017) LSB: a lightweight scalable blockchain for iot security and privacy. CoRR arXiv:1712.02969

  67. Douceur JR (2002) The Sybil attack. In: Druschel P, Kaashoek F, Rowstron A (eds) Peer-to-Peer Systems

    Google Scholar 

  68. Dukkipati C, Zhang Y, Cheng LC (2018) Decentralized, blockchain based access control framework for the heterogeneous internet of things. In: Proceedings of the Third ACM Workshop on Attribute-Based Access Control

  69. Dunkels A, Gronvall B, Voigt T (2004) Contiki - a lightweight and flexible operating system for tiny networked sensors. In: 29th annual IEEE international conference on local computer networks

  70. Dwivedi AD, Srivastava G, Dhar S, Singh R (2019) A decentralized privacy-preserving healthcare blockchain for iot. Sensors

  71. Esposito C, Santis AD, Tortora G, Chang H, Choo KR (2018) Blockchain: a panacea for healthcare cloud-based data security and privacy? IEEE Cloud Comput 5(1):31–37

    Google Scholar 

  72. Eyal I, Gencer AE, Sirer EG, Van Renesse R (2016) Bitcoin-ng: a scalable blockchain protocol. In: Proceedings of the 13th Usenix Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, NSDI’16

  73. Fan K, Wang S, Ren Y, Yang K, Yan Z, Li H, Yang Y (2018) Blockchain-based secure time protection scheme in iot. IEEE Internet of Things Journal

  74. Fernández-Caramés TM (2015) An intelligent power outlet system for the smart home of the internet of things. Int J Distrib Sensor Netw 11(11):214,805

    Google Scholar 

  75. Fernández-Caramés TM, Fraga-Lamas P (2018) A review on the use of blockchain for the internet of things. IEEE Access

  76. Finkenzeller K (2003) RFID handbook: fundamentals and applications in contactless smart cards and identification, 2nd edn. Wiley Publishing

  77. Fremantle P, Aziz B, Kirkham T (2017) Enhancing iot security and privacy with distributed ledgers - a position paper. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Internet of Things, Big Data and Security. SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications

  78. Gai K, Wu Y, Zhu L, Qiu M, Shen M (2019) Privacy-preserving energy trading using consortium blockchain in smart grid. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics

  79. Gao J, Asamoah KO, Sifah EB, Smahi A, Xia Q, Xia H, Zhang X, Dong G (2018) Gridmonitoring: secured sovereign blockchain based monitoring on smart grid. IEEE Access

  80. Gao J, Asamoah KO, Sifah EB, Smahi A, Xia Q, Xia H, Zhang X, Dong G (2018) Gridmonitoring: secured sovereign blockchain based monitoring on smart grid. IEEE Access 6:9917–9925

    Google Scholar 

  81. Gartner says 8.4 billion connected ”things” will be in use in 2017, up 31 percent from 2016. https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3598917 (2017)

  82. Gassend B, Clarke D, Van Dijk M, Devadas S (2002) Silicon physical random functions. In: Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS). ACM

  83. Gilad Y, Hemo R, Micali S, Vlachos G, Zeldovich N (2017) Algorand: Scaling byzantine agreements for cryptocurrencies. In: Proceedings of the 26th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, SOSP ’17

  84. Gilchrist A (2016) Industry 4.0: the industrial internet of things, 1st edn. apress, Berkely

    Google Scholar 

  85. Griggs KN, Ossipova O, Kohlios CP, Baccarini AN, Howson EA, Hayajneh T (2018) Healthcare blockchain system using smart contracts for secure automated remote patient monitoring. J Med Syst 42(7):130

    Google Scholar 

  86. Guajardo J, Kumar SS, Schrijen GJ, Tuyls P (2007) Fpga intrinsic pufs and their use for ip protection. In: International workshop on cryptographic hardware and embedded systems. Springer

  87. Guan Z, Si G, Zhang X, Wu L, Guizani N, Du X, Ma Y (2018) Privacy-preserving and efficient aggregation based on blockchain for power grid communications in smart communities. IEEE Commun Mag 56 (7):82–88

    Google Scholar 

  88. Gubbi J, Buyya R, Marusic S, Palaniswami M (2013) Internet of things (Iot): a vision, architectural elements, and future directions Future generation computer systems

    Google Scholar 

  89. Guin U, Asadizanjani N, Tehranipoor M (2019) Standards for hardware security. GetMobile: Mob Comput Commun 23(1):5–9

    Google Scholar 

  90. Guin U, Cui P, Skjellum A (2018) Ensuring proof-of-authenticity of Iot edge devices using blockchain technology. In: IEEE International conference on blockchain

  91. Guin U, DiMase D, Tehranipoor M (2014) Counterfeit integrated circuits: detection, avoidance, and the challenges ahead. Journal of Electronic Testing (1)

  92. Guin U, Huang K, DiMase D, Carulli J, Tehranipoor M, Makris Y (2014) Counterfeit integrated circuits: a rising threat in the global semiconductor supply chain. Proceedings of the IEEE

  93. Guin U, Singh A, Alam M, Canedo J, Skjellum A (2018) A secure low-cost edge device authentication scheme for the internet of things. In: International conference on VLSI design

  94. Gungor VC, Sahin D, Kocak T, Ergut S, Buccella C, Cecati C, Hancke GP (2011) Smart grid technologies: communication technologies and standards. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, pp 7

  95. Guo R, Shi H, Zhao Q, Zheng D (2018) Secure attribute-based signature scheme with multiple authorities for blockchain in electronic health records systems. IEEE Access

  96. Gupta Y, Shorey R, Kulkarni D, Tew J (2018) The applicability of blockchain in the internet of things. pp 561– 564

  97. Hammi MT, Hammi B, Bellot P, Serhrouchni A (2018) Bubbles of trust: a decentralized blockchain-based authentication system for iot. Comput Secur 78:126–142

    Google Scholar 

  98. Han D, Kim H, Jang J (2017) Blockchain based smart door lock system. In: 2017 International conference on information and communication technology convergence (ICTC)

  99. Han R, Gramoli V, Xu X (2018) Evaluating blockchains for iot. In: 2018 9Th IFIP international conference on new technologies, mobility and security (NTMS)

  100. Hardjono T, Smith N (2016) Cloud-based commissioning of constrained devices using permissioned blockchains. In: Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international workshop on IoT privacy, trust, and security, pp 29–36. ACM

  101. Hendricks J, Van Doorn L (2004) Secure bootstrap is not enough: Shoring up the trusted computing base

  102. Huang J, Kong L, Chen G, Wu MY, Liu X, Zeng P (2019) Towards secure industrial Iot: blockchain system with credit-based consensus mechanism. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics

  103. Huckle S, Bhattacharya R, White M, Beloff N (2016) Internet of things, blockchain and shared economy applications. Procedia Comput Sci 98:461–466

    Google Scholar 

  104. Ibba S, Pinna A, Seu M, Pani FE (2017) Citysense: blockchain-oriented smart cities. In: Proceedings of the XP2017 Scientific Workshops, XP’17

  105. IBM: Integrate waston IoT with blockchain. https://www.ibm.com/internet-of-things/spotlight/blockchain

  106. IETF: Transmission control protocol (1981) https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc793

  107. Intel: why IoT is a top priority for retail. https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/internet-of-things/solution-briefs/smart-retail-solutions-top-10.html

  108. Islam MN, Kundu S (2019) Enabling ic traceability via blockchain pegged to embedded puf. ACM Trans Des Autom Electron Syst (TODAES) 24(3):36

    Google Scholar 

  109. Jae K Tendermint: consensus without mining

  110. Jia X, Feng Q, Fan T, Lei Q (2012) Rfid technology and its applications in internet of things (IoT). In: 2012 2Nd international conference on consumer electronics, communications and networks (CECNet)

  111. Khan MA, Salah K (2018) Iot security: review, blockchain solutions, and open challenges. Fut Gener Comput Syst 82:395–411

    Google Scholar 

  112. Kim JY, Hu W, Shafagh H, Jha S (2018) Seda: Secure over-the-air code dissemination protocol for the internet of things. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing

  113. Kosba A, Miller A, Shi E, Wen Z, Papamanthou C (2016) Hawk: the blockchain model of cryptography and privacy-preserving smart contracts. In: 2016 IEEE Symposium on security and privacy (SP)

  114. Kravitz DW, Cooper J (2017) Securing user identity and transactions symbiotically: Iot meets blockchain, pp 1–6

  115. Kshetri N (2017) Can blockchain strengthen the internet of things? IT Prof 19(4):68–72

    Google Scholar 

  116. Lamport L, Shostak RE, Pease MC (1982) The byzantine generals problem. ACM Trans. Program. Lang Syst

  117. Laszka A, Dubey A, Walker M, Schmidt D (2017) Providing privacy, safety, and security in iot-based transactive energy systems using distributed ledgers. In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on the Internet of Things, IoT’17

  118. Lee I, Lee K (2015) The internet of things (iot): applications, investments and challenges for enterprises 58

    Google Scholar 

  119. Lee M, Hwang J, Yoe H (2013) Agricultural production system based on iot. In: 2013 IEEE 16Th international conference on computational science and engineering, pp 833–837

  120. Lei A, Cruickshank H, Cao Y, Asuquo P, Ogah CPA, Sun Z (2017) Blockchain-based dynamic key management for heterogeneous intelligent transportation systems. IEEE Internet of Things Journal

  121. Leng K, Bi Y, Jing L, Fu HC, Van Nieuwenhuyse I (2018) Research on agricultural supply chain system with double chain architecture based on blockchain technology. Futur Gener Comput Syst 86:641–649

    Google Scholar 

  122. Levis P, Madden S, Polastre J, Szewczyk R, Whitehouse K, Woo A, Gay D, Hill J, Welsh M, Brewer E, Culler D (2005) TinyOS: an operating system for sensor networks

  123. Li W, Andreina S, Bohli JM, Karame G (2017) Securing proof-of-stake blockchain protocols. In: Garcia-Alfaro J, Navarro-arribas G, Hartenstein H, Herrera-Joancomartí J (eds) Data privacy management, cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology

  124. Li X, Jiang P, Chen T, Luo X, Wen Q (2017) A survey on the security of blockchain systems. Future Generation Computer Systems

  125. Li Z, Kang J, Yu R, Ye D, Deng Q, Zhang Y (2017) Consortium blockchain for secure energy trading in industrial internet of things. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics

  126. Liam B, William JB, Jonathan C, Owen L (2018) Applications of blockchain within healthcare. In: Blockchain in healthcare today, vol 1

  127. Liang G, Weller SR, Luo F, Zhao J, Dong ZY (2018) Distributed blockchain-based data protection framework for modern power systems against cyber attacks. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid

  128. Liang X, Zhao J, Shetty S, Li D (2017) Towards data assurance and resilience in iot using blockchain. In: IEEE Military communications conference (MILCOM)

  129. Liang X, Zhao J, Shetty S, Liu J, Li D (2017) Integrating blockchain for data sharing and collaboration in mobile healthcare applications. In: 2017 IEEE 28th annual international symposium on personal, indoor, and mobile radio communications (PIMRC), pp 1–5

  130. Lim J, Kim Y, Yoo C (2019) Chainveri: Blockchain-based firmware verification system for iot environment. In: 2018 IEEE International conference on blockchain (blockchain-2018) (to appear in

  131. Lin J, Shen Z, Zhang A, Chai Y (2018) Blockchain and iot based food traceability for smart agriculture. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Crowd Science and Engineering. ACM, pp 3

  132. Lin YP, Petway JR, Anthony J, Mukhtar H, Liao SW, Chou CF, Ho Y (2017) Blockchain: the evolutionary next step for ict e-agriculture

  133. Liu B, Yu XL, Chen S, Xu X, Zhu L (2017) Blockchain based data integrity service framework for iot data. In: IEEE International conference on web services (ICWS)

  134. Liu S, Wu J, Long C (2018) Iot meets blockchain: parallel distributed architecture for data storage and sharing. In: IEEE International conference on blockchain

  135. Lundqvist T, de Blanche A, Andersson HRH (2017) Thing-to-thing electricity micro payments using blockchain technology. In: Global internet of things summit (GIoTS)

  136. Ma M, Shi G, Li F (2019) Privacy-oriented blockchain-based distributed key management architecture for hierarchical access control in the iot scenario. IEEE Access 7:34,045– 34,059

    Google Scholar 

  137. Mazières D (2015) The stellar consensus protocol: a federated model for internet-level consensus

  138. Media Q Airbnb just acquired a team of bitcoin and blockchain experts, https://qz.com/657246/airbnb-just-acquired-a-team-of-bitcoin-and-blockchain-experts/

  139. Merkle RC (1988) A digital signature based on a conventional encryption function. In: A conference on the theory and applications of cryptographic techniques on advances in cryptology, CRYPTO ’87

  140. Mettler M (2016) Blockchain technology in healthcare: the revolution starts here. In: 2016 IEEE 18th international conference on e-health networking, applications and services (healthcom), pp 1–3

  141. Micali S, Rabin M, Vadhan S (1999) Verifiable random functions. In: 40th annual symposium on foundations of computer science (cat. no.99CB37039)

  142. Michael del C Ethereum executes blockchain hard fork to return dao funds. https://www.coindesk.com/ethereum-executes-blockchain-hard-fork-return-dao-investor-funds/

  143. Miller D (2018) Blockchain and the internet of things in the industrial sector. IT Prof 20(3):15–18

    Google Scholar 

  144. Mondragon AEC, Mondragon CEC, Coronado ES (2018) Exploring the applicability of blockchain technology to enhance manufacturing supply chains in the composite materials industry. In: 2018 IEEE International conference on applied system invention (ICASI), pp 1300–1303

  145. Mukhopadhyay U, Skjellum A, Hambolu O, Oakley J, Yu L, Brooks R (2016) A brief survey of cryptocurrency systems. In: 2016 14th annual conference on privacy, security and trust (PST), pp 745–752

  146. Nakamoto S (2008) Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system, http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf

  147. Nam T, Pardo TA (2011) Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions. In: Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference: Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times, dg.o ’11, pp 282–291

  148. Neisse R, Steri G, Nai-Fovino I (2017) A blockchain-based approach for data accountability and provenance tracking. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security. ACM, pp14

  149. Novo O (2018) Blockchain meets iot: an architecture for scalable access management in iot. IEEE Internet J PP(99):1–1

    Google Scholar 

  150. Olleros FX, Zhegu M, Olleros FX, Zhegu M (2016) 11 blockchain technology: principles and applications. Edward Elgar Publishing, Incorporated

  151. Ouaddah A, Kalam AAE, Ouahman AA (2016) Fairaccess: a new blockchain-based access control framework for the internet of things. Security and Communication Networks

  152. Ouaddah A, Mousannif H, Elkalam AA, Ouahman AA (2017) Access control in the internet of things: big challenges and new opportunities. Computer Networks

  153. Park J, Kim K (2017) Tm-coin: trustworthy management of tcb measurements in iot. pp 654–659

  154. Pham HL, Tran TH, Nakashima Y (2018) A secure remote healthcare system for hospital using blockchain smart contract. In: IEEE Globecom workshops (GC wkshps). IEEE

  155. Pinchen C, Ujjwal G Countering botnet of things using blockchain-based authenticity framework. To Appear

  156. Pinno OJA, Gregio ARA, Bona LCED (2017) Controlchain: Blockchain as a central enabler for access control authorizations in the iot. In: GLOBECOM 2017 - 2017 IEEE Global communications conference, pp 1–6

  157. Rahman MA, Rashid MM, Hossain MS, Hassanain E, Alhamid MF, Guizani M (2019) Blockchain and iot-based cognitive edge framework for sharing economy services in a smart city. IEEE Access 7:18,611–18,621

    Google Scholar 

  158. Rahman RA, Shah B (2016) Security analysis of iot protocols: a focus in coap. In: 2016 3Rd MEC international conference on big data and smart city (ICBDSC)

  159. Rivera R, Robledo JG, Larios VM, Avalos JM (2017) How digital identity on blockchain can contribute in a smart city environment. In: 2017 International smart cities conference (ISC2), pp 1–4

  160. Robertson J, Riley M (2018) The big hack: how China used a tiny chip to infiltrate u.s companies

  161. Salahuddin MA, Al-Fuqaha A, Guizani M, Shuaib K, Sallabi F (2017) Softwarization of internet of things infrastructure for secure and smart healthcare. Computer 50(7):74–79

    Google Scholar 

  162. Samaniego M, Deters R (2017) Virtual resources & blockchain for configuration management in iot

  163. Sanju S, Sankaran S, Achuthan K (2018) Energy comparison of blockchain platforms for internet of things. In: 2018 IEEE International symposium on smart electronic systems (iSES)(formerly inis). IEEE, pp 235–238

  164. Sasson EB, Chiesa A, Garman C, Green M, Miers I, Tromer E, Virza M (2014) Zerocash: decentralized anonymous payments from bitcoin. In: 2014 IEEE Symposium on security and privacy (SP), vol. 00

  165. Schollmeier R (2001) A definition of peer-to-peer networking for the classification of peer-to-peer architectures and applications. In: 2001. Proceedings. First international conference on Peer-to-peer computing. IEEE, pp 101–102

  166. Schwab K (2016) The fourth industrial revolution

  167. Shafagh H, Burkhalter L, Hithnawi A, Duquennoy S (2017) Towards blockchain-based auditable storage and sharing of iot data. Proceedings of the 2017 on Cloud Computing Security Workshop, pp 45–50

  168. Sharma PK, Chen MY, Park JH (2018) A software defined fog node based distributed blockchain cloud architecture for iot. IEEE Access 6:115–124

    Google Scholar 

  169. Sharma PK, Moon SY, Park JH (2017) Block-vn: a distributed blockchain based vehicular network architecture in smart city. JIPS 13:184–195

    Google Scholar 

  170. Sharma PK, Park JH (2018) Blockchain based hybrid network architecture for the smart city. Fut Gener Comput Syst 86:650–655

    Google Scholar 

  171. Sharma PK, Rathore S, Park JH (2018) Distarch-scnet: blockchain-based distributed architecture with li-fi communication for a scalable smart city network. IEEE Consum Electron Mag 7(4):55–64

    Google Scholar 

  172. Sharma PK, Singh S, Jeong YS, Park JH (2017) Distblocknet: a distributed blockchains-based secure SDN architecture for iot networks. IEEE Communications Magazine

  173. She W, Gu ZH, Lyu XK, Liu Q, Tian Z, Liu W (2019) Homomorphic consortium blockchain for smart home system sensitive data privacy preserving. IEEE Access

  174. Shen M, Tang X, Zhu L, Du X, Guizani M (2019) Privacy-preserving support vector machine training over blockchain-based encrypted iot data in smart cities. IEEE Internet of Things Journal

  175. Shrouf F, Ordieres J, Miragliotta G (2014) Smart factories in industry 4.0: a review of the concept and of energy management approached in production based on the internet of things paradigm. In: 2014 IEEE International conference on industrial engineering and engineering management

  176. Sikorski JJ, Haughton J, Kraft M (2017) Blockchain technology in the chemical industry: machine-to-machine electricity market. Applied Energy

  177. Sompolinsky Y, Lewenberg Y, Zohar A (2016) Spectre: A fast and scalable cryptocurrency protocol. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive

  178. Suh G, Devadas S (2007) Physical unclonable functions for device authentication and secret key generation. In: Proceedings of ACM/IEEE on design automation conference

  179. Sun J, Yan J, Zhang KZK (2016) Blockchain-based sharing services: what blockchain technology can contribute to smart cities. Finan Innov 2(1):26

    Google Scholar 

  180. Swan M (2015) Blockchain: blueprint for a new economy, 1st edn. O’Reilly Media, Inc

  181. Swanson T Consensus-as-a-service: a brief report on the emergence of permissioned, distributed ledger system. http://www.ofnumbers.com/wpcontent/uploads/2015/04/Permissioned-distributed-ledgers.pdf

  182. Tang B, Kang H, Fan J, Li Q, Sandhu R (2019) Iot passport: a blockchain-based trust framework for collaborative internet-of-things. In: Proceedings of the 24th ACM Symposium on Access Control Models and Technologies. ACM, pp 83–92

  183. Tao F, Cheng Y, Xu L, Zhang L, Li BH (2014) Cciot-cmfg: cloud computing and internet of things-based cloud manufacturing service system. IEEE Trans Indust Inf 10(2):1435–1442

    Google Scholar 

  184. Tao F, Zhang L, Venkatesh VC, Luo Y, Cheng Y (2011) Cloud manufacturing: a computing and service-oriented manufacturing model. Proc Instit Mech Eng Part B: J Eng Manuf 225(10):1969–1976

    Google Scholar 

  185. Tasca P, Thanabalasingham T, Tessone CJ (2017) Ontology of blockchain technologies. principles of identification and classification. CoRR arXiv:1708.04872

  186. Tehranipoor M, Guin U, Bhunia S (2017) Invasion of the hardware snatchers. IEEE Spectrum

  187. Tehranipoor M, Guin U, Forte D (2015) Counterfeit integrated circuits: detection and avoidance. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  188. Teslya N, Ryabchikov I (2017) Blockchain-based platform architecture for industrial iot, pp 321–329

  189. Tian F (2016) An agri-food supply chain traceability system for China based on rfid and blockchain technology. In: 2016 13Th international conference on service systems and service management (ICSSSM)

  190. Tian F (2017) A supply chain traceability system for food safety based on haccp, blockchain and internet of things. In: 2017 International conference on service systems and service management

  191. Trappe W, Howard R, Moore RS (2015) Low-energy security: limits and opportunities in the internet of things. IEEE Security Privacy

  192. Valerio P Borderhawk found counterfeit iot devices installed (2018). https://iot.eetimes.com/copycats-pose-a-serious-security-threat-to-the-iot/

  193. Vukolić M (2015) The quest for scalable blockchain fabric: proof-of-work vs. bft replication. In: International workshop on open problems in network security. Springer, Berlin

  194. Walker MA, Dubey A, Laszka A, Schmidt DC (2017) Platibart: a platform for transactive iot blockchain applications with repeatable testing. In: Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Middleware and Applications for the Internet of Things, M4IoT ’17, pp 17–22

  195. Wang W, Singh A, Guin U, Chatterjee A (2018) Exploiting power supply ramp rate for calibrating cell strength in SRAM PUFs. In: IEEE Latin-american test symposium

  196. Wood G Yellow paper: Ethereum: a secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. https://github.com/ethereum/yellowpaper

  197. Wright CS, Savanah S Operating system for blockchain iot devices (2019). US Patent App 16/097,497

  198. Wu G, Talwar S, Johnsson K, Himayat N, Johnson KD (2011) M2m: from mobile to embedded internet. IEEE Communications Magazine 49(4):36–43

    Google Scholar 

  199. Xu R, Chen Y, Blasch E, Chen G (2018) Blendcac: a blockchain-enabled decentralized capability-based access control for iots. In: 2018 IEEE International conference on blockchain (blockchain-2018)

  200. Xu X (2012) From cloud computing to cloud manufacturing. robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing

  201. Xu X, Weber I, Staples M, Zhu L, Bosch J, Bass L, Pautasso C, Rimba P (2017) A taxonomy of blockchain-based systems for architecture design. In: 2017 IEEE International conference on software architecture (ICSA)

  202. Xu Y, Ren J, Wang G, Zhang C, Yang J, Zhang Y (2019) A blockchain-based non-repudiation network computing service scheme for industrial iot. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics

  203. Yli-Huumo J, Ko D, Choi S, Park S, Smolander K (2016) Where is current research on blockchain technology?—a systematic review. PLOS ONE 11(10):1–27

    Google Scholar 

  204. Yuan Y, Wang FY (2016) Towards blockchain-based intelligent transportation systems. In: IEEE 19Th international conference on intelligent transportation systems (ITSC)

  205. Yue X, Wang H, Jin D, Li M, Jiang W (2016) Healthcare data gateways: found healthcare intelligence on blockchain with novel privacy risk control. J Med Syst 40(10):218

    Google Scholar 

  206. Zanella A, Bui N, Castellani A, Vangelista L, Zorzi M (2014) Internet of things for smart cities. IEEE Internet J 1(1):22–32

    Google Scholar 

  207. Zhang Y, Guin U (2019) End-to-end traceability of ics in component supply chain for fighting against recycling. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security

  208. Zhang Y, Wen J (2017) The iot electric business model: using blockchain technology for the internet of things. Peer-to-Peer Netw Appl 10(4):983–994

    Google Scholar 

  209. Zhang Y, Xu X, Liu A, Lu Q, Xu L, Tao F (2019) Blockchain-based trust mechanism for iot-based smart manufacturing system. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems

  210. Zhang Z, Cho MCY, Wang C, Hsu C, Chen C, Shieh S (2014) Iot security: ongoing challenges and research opportunities. In: 2014 IEEE 7Th international conference on service-oriented computing and applications

  211. Zhang ZK, Cho MCY, Wang CW, Hsu CW, Chen CK, Shieh S (2014) Iot security: ongoing challenges and research opportunities. In: 2014 IEEE 7th international conference on service-oriented computing and applications

  212. chun Zhao J, feng Zhang J, Feng Y, xin Guo J (2010) The study and application of the iot technology in agriculture. In: 2010 3Rd international conference on computer science and information technology

  213. Zheng Z, Xie S, Dai H, Chen X, Wang H (2017) An overview of blockchain technology: architecture, consensus, and future trends. In: 2017 IEEE International congress on big data (bigdata congress)

  214. Zheng Z, Xie S, Dai HN, Wang H (2016) Blockchain challenges and opportunities: a survey Work Pap.–2016

  215. Zhou L, Wang L, Sun Y, Lv P (2018) Beekeeper: a blockchain-based iot system with secure storage and homomorphic computation. IEEE Access 6:43,472–43,488

    Google Scholar 

  216. Zhu S, Li W, Li H, Tian L, Luo G, Cai Z (2018) Coin hopping attack in blockchain-based iot. IEEE Internet of Things Journal

Download references

Acknowledgments

This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants Nos. 1755733 and 1663616.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering (CSSE), Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA

    Pinchen Cui & David Umphress

  2. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA

    Ujjwal Guin

  3. SimCenter, and the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, USA

    Anthony Skjellum

Authors
  1. Pinchen Cui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ujjwal Guin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Anthony Skjellum
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. David Umphress
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Pinchen Cui or Ujjwal Guin.

Ethics declarations

Disclaimer

Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NSF.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Cui, P., Guin, U., Skjellum, A. et al. Blockchain in IoT: Current Trends, Challenges, and Future Roadmap. J Hardw Syst Secur 3, 338–364 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41635-019-00079-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41635-019-00079-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation