Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Automated Legal Decision Systems in Practice: The Mirror of Reality

  • Published:
Artificial Intelligence and Law Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Automated decision systems are often used to enforce legislation.As such, they have considerable regulating effects. These systemsregulate the behaviour of users and addressees mainly throughstandardization. This research classifies these systems intocategories according to which the regulating effects can bedescribed more clearly. Furthermore, this categorization resultsin a better understanding how problems encountered with atpresent can be avoided in the future. Many problems result fromthe way the development process has been organized. It turns outthe development process can be divided according to the time thesystems are developed with regard to the legislation they aim toenforce. Present procedures lack good monitoring of thedevelopment process. To this end, legal procedures are needed toensure that a legally correct product will be made, partiesinvolved should change their tune, system developers should bemore concerned with the legal status of the system and thelegislator should be actively involved in the development of thesystem. Moreover, an ex ante-evaluation should notice thepossible regulating effects caused by the system to ensure acorrect balance of the pros and cons. It should be ensured thatthese systems are effectively put to control. Transparency isindispensable.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

References

  • Becker, H.A. (1987). Ex Ante-Evaluatie: Consequentieanalyses. In Lehning, P.B. & Simonis J.B.D. (eds.) Handboek Beleidswetenschappen, 116–130. Boom: Meppel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bing, J. (1995). Three Generations for Computerized Systems for Public Administration and Some Implication for Legal Decision Making. In Bing, J. & Torvund, O. (eds.) 25 Years Anniversay Anthology in Computers and Law, 525–587. Tano: Oslo.

    Google Scholar 

  • BIOS 3 (1995). Terug naar de toekomst. Over het gebruik van informatie en informatie-en communicatietechnologie in de openbare sector. Beleidsnota Ministerie van Binnenlanse Zaken, Informatiebeleid Openbare Sector nr. 3, Den Haag.

  • Boehm, B.W. (1985). Software Engineering Economics. Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brouwer, E.R. (1992). GBA — Bescherming van de persoonlijke levenssfeer. In Brouwer, E.R., Dorbeck-Jung, B.R. & Prins, C. (eds.) Juridische aspecten van het GBA-project, 61–95. Cramwinckel: Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Mulder, R.V. (1993). Beschikking en automatisering. Preadviezen voor de Vereniging voor Administratief Recht. NJB 17: 633–637.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dielemans, R.J.I. (1992). Historisch overzicht van de bevolkingsadministratie. In Brouwer, E.R., Dorbeck-Jung, B.R. & Prins, C. (eds.) Juridische aspecten van het GBA-project, 13–27. Cramwinckel: Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franken, H. (1993). Kanttekeningen bij het automatiscren van beschikkingen. In Beschikken en automatiseren, Preadviezen 1993, VAR-reeks 110, 7–50. Vereniging voor Administratief Recht: Den Haag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groendijk, C. & Tragter, M.W. (1994). Legal Theory and the Design of MILIEU. In Prakken, H., Muntjewerff, A.J. & Soeteman A. (eds.) Jurix '94, Legal Knowledge Based Systems: The Relation with Legal Theory, 105–115. Vermande: Lelystad.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groendijk, C. & Tragter, M.W. (1995). MILIEU: A LKBS to Support Prosecution of Environmental Offenders. In Proceedings of The Fifth International Conference on AI and Law, 256–265. ACM Press: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch Ballin, E.M.H. (1985). De invloed van automatisering op het juridisch werk. In Hirsch Ballin, E.M.H. & Kamphuis J.A. (eds.), Trias Automatica. Kluwer: Deventer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kracht, D., de Vey Mestdagh, C.N.J. & Svensson, J.S. (eds.) (1990). Legal Knowledge Based Systems, An Overview for Validation and Practical Use, Jurix'90. Vermande: Lelystad.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippolt, B.J. & Stemerdink, J.D.B. (1991). Kennissystemen in de praktijk: waarom sommige kennissystem succes hebben en andere niet. Informatie 2: 106–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken (1995). Wetgeving en Informatievoorziening. Langs verschillende wegen naar een gezamenlijk doel.

  • Ministry of Justice (1989). Final Report, Analysis and Design, August, 31, 1989.

  • Nicolaï, P., Olivier, B.K., Damen, L.J.A. & Troostwijk, H. (1993). Bestuursrecht, 4th edition, Factotum: Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Keefe, R.M. (1989). The Evaluation of Decision-Aiding Systems: Guidelines and Methods. Information & Management 17: 217–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Keefe, R.M. & O'Leary, D.E. (1993). Expert Systems Verification and Validation: A Survey and Tutorial. Artificial Intelligence Review 7: 3–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oskamp, A. (1995). Annotatie van Pals vs Audelet. Computerrecht 5: 220–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oskamp, A. & De Mulder, R.V. (1993). Juridische automatisering: de tockomst. Computerrecht 5: 210–215. Kluwer, Deventer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oskamp, A., Tragter, M.W. & Groendijk, C. (1995). AI & Law: What about the Future. Artificial Intelligence and Law 3: 209–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rijsenbrij (1993). Automatisering: Vloek of zegen. Lansa Publishing: Leidschendam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogier, L. (1994). De uitoefening van bevoegdheden in het dwangtraject van de Wet Mulder, Trema 2: 69–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scherpenzeel, R. (ed.) (1995). Directory Computerized Criminal Justice Information Systems. Heuni Publication Series No. 27. European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control Affiliated with the United Nations, Ministry of Justice: The Hague/Helsinki.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schokker, J.T. & Snellen, I.Th.M. (1992). GBA wetgeving als leerproces. In Brouwer, E.R., Dorbeck-Jung, B.R. & Prins, C (eds.) Juridische aspecten van het GBA-project, 47–61. Cramwinckel: Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, R.S. & Conrath, D.W. (1993). Evaluating Expert Systems, A Review of Applicable Approaches. Artificial Intelligence Review 7: 77–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smit, J. & Venstra, A.W. (1993). De Informatiseringsbank en de uitvoering van de Wet op de Studiefinanciering. In Beschikken en automatiseren, Preadviezen 1993, VAR-reeks 110, 119–153. Vereniging voor Administratief Recht: Den Haag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snellen, I.Th.M. (1993). Het automatiseren van beschikkingen bestuurskundig beschouwd. In Beschikken en automatiseren, Preadviezen 1993, VAR-reeks 110, 51–117. Vereniging voor Administratief Recht: Den Haag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tragter, M.W. & Groendijk, C. (1994). Juridisch taakmodel en kennissysteemontwerp. In Noordman, L.G.M. & de Vroomen, W.A.M. (eds.) Informatiewetenschap 1994, Derde StinfoN-Conferentie, 57–67. Tilburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tragter, M. & Oskamp, A. (1995). Regulative Effects of Legal Decision Support Systems. In Hage, J.C., Bench-Capon, T.J.M., Cohen, M.J. & van den Herik, H.J. (eds.) Jurix'95 Legal Knowledge Based Systems: Telecommunication and AI & Law, 113–120. Vermande: Lelystad.

    Google Scholar 

  • van de Berg, P. (1993). Individuality in Automated Execution of Legislation: A Legal Informatics Perspective. Paper presented at the EGPA Conference Strasbourg.

  • van de Donk, W.B.H.J., Frissen, P.H.A. & Snellen, I.Th.M. (1984–1985). Spanningen tussen wetgeving en systeemontwikkeling: De Wet Studiefinanciering, Beleidswetenschap 1990, 4, the Netherlands [Explanatory Memorandum to the Study Grant Act], No. 19125.

  • van de Graaf, H. & Hoppe, R. (1989). Beleid en Politiek, een inleiding tot de beleidswetenschap en de beleidskunde. Dich Coutinho: Muiderberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • van den Broek, J.G.A. (1995). Wetgeving en informatievoorziening. De overheid zegt wat zij doet en doet wat zij zegt. Binnenlandse Zaken.

  • van Maanen, N.F. & Blankenburg, E.H. (1991) Het Openbaar Ministerie geautomatiseerd, externe effecten van COMPAS. Sdu Juridische & Fiscale Uitgeverij: Den Haag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wognum, P.M. & Lippolt, B.J. (1991). Wat bepaalt het succes van cen kennissysteem? Informatie 10: 668–674.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Computer/Law Institute, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Anja Oskamp & Maaike W. Tragter

Authors
  1. Anja Oskamp
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Maaike W. Tragter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Oskamp, A., Tragter, M.W. Automated Legal Decision Systems in Practice: The Mirror of Reality. Artificial Intelligence and Law 5, 291–322 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008298517919

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008298517919

Search

Navigation