Abstract
Bernshtein’s theorem provides a generically exact upper bound on the number of isolated solutions a sparse polynomial system can have in (ℂ*)n, with ℂ* = ℂ\{0}. When a sparse polynomial system has fewer than this number of isolated solutions some face system must have solutions in (ℂ*)n. In this paper we address the process of recovering a certificate of deficiency from a diverging solution path. This certificate takes the form of a face system along with approximations of its solutions. We apply extrapolation to estimate the cycle number and the face normal. Applications illustrate the practical usefulness of our approach.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
D.N. Bernshtein, The number of roots of a system of equations, Functional Anal. Appl. 9(3) (1975) 183-185. (Translated from Funktsional. Anal. i Prilozhen. 9(3) (1975) 1-4.)
G. Björk and R. Fröberg, Methods to “divide out” certain solutions from systems of algebraic equations, applied to find all cyclic 8-roots, in: Analysis, Algebra and Computers in Mathematics Research, Lecture Notes in Mathematics 564, eds. M. Gyllenberg and L.E. Persson (Marcel Dekker, New York 1994) pp. 57-70.
C. Brezinski and M. Redivo-Zaglia, Extrapolation Methods, Studies in Computational Mathematics 2 (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1991).
E. Christiansen and H.G. Petersen, Estimation of convergence orders in repeated Richardson extrapolation, BIT 29(1) (1989) 48-59.
G. Ewald, Combinatorial Convexity and Algebraic Geometry, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 168 (Springer, New York, 1996).
W. Fulton, Introduction to Toric Varieties, Annals of Mathematics Studies 131 (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1993).
A. Griewank, On solving nonlinear equations with simple singularities or nearly singular solutions SIAM Rev. 27(4) (1985) 537-563.
H. Hong and V. Stahl, Safe starting regions by fixed points and tightening, Computing 53(3-4) (1995) 322-335.
B. Huber and B. Sturmfels, A polyhedral method for solving sparse polynomial systems, Math. Comp. 64(212) (1995) 1541-1555.
B. Huber and B. Sturmfels, Bernstein's theorem in affine space, Discrete Comput. Geom. 17(2) (1997) 137-141.
T.Y. Li, Numerical solutions of multivariate polynomial systems by homotopy continuation methods, Acta Numerica 6 (1997) 399-436.
T.Y. Li and X. Wang, The BKK root count in C n, Math. Comp. 65(216) (1996) 1477-1484.
A. Morgan, Solving Polynomial Systems Using Continuation for Engineering and Scientific Problems (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1987).
A. Morgan and A. Sommese, Computing all solutions to polynomial systems using homotopy continuation, Appl. Math. Comput. 24(2) (1987) 115-138.
A.P. Morgan, A.J. Sommese and C.W. Wampler, Computing singular solutions to nonlinear analytic systems, Numer. Math. 58(7) (1991) 669-684.
A.P. Morgan, A.J. Sommese and C.W. Wampler, Computing singular solutions to polynomial systems, Adv. in Appl. Math. 13(3) (1992) 305-327.
A.P. Morgan, A.J. Sommese and C.W. Wampler, A power series method for computing singular solutions to nonlinear analytic systems, Numer. Math. 63(3) (1992) 391-409.
C.V. Nelsen and B.C. Hodgkin, Determination of magnitudes, directions, and locations of two independent dipoles in a circular conducting region from boundary potential measurements, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engrg. 28(12) (1981) 817-823.
J.M. Rojas, Twisted Chow forms and toric perturbations of degenerate polynomial systems, submitted for publication. Available at http://www-math.mit.edu/~rojas.
J.M. Rojas, Toric laminations, sparse generalized characteristic polynomials, and a refinement of Hilbert's tenth problem, in: Foundations of Computational Mathematics, Selected Papers of IMPA Conf., eds. F. Cucker and M. Shub, Rio de Janeiro, January 1997 (Springer, 1997) pp. 369-381. Revised version available at http://www-math.mit.edu/~rojas.
M. Sosonkina, L.T. Watson and D.E. Stewart, Note on the end game in homotopy zero curve tracking, ACM Trans. Math. Software 22(3) (1996) 281-287.
J. Verschelde, PHCPACK: A general-purpose solver for polynomial systems by homotopy continuation, Report TW 265, Department of Computer Science, K.U. Leuven (1997). Software available at http://www.math.msu.edu/~jan and http://www.cs.kuleuven.be/~nines/.
J. Verschelde and R. Cools, Polynomial homotopy continuation: A portable Ada software package, in: Proc. of the 1996 Ada-Belgium Seminar, Brussels, Belgium (22 November 1996) The Ada Belgium Newsletter 4 (1996) 59-83.
J. Verschelde and K. Gatermann, Symmetric Newton polytopes for solving sparse polynomial systems, Adv. in Appl. Math. 16(1) (1995) 95-127.
J. Verschelde, K. Gatermann and R. Cools, Mixed-volume computation by dynamic lifting applied to polynomial system solving, Discrete Comput. Geom. 16(1) (1996) 69-112.
J. Verschelde, P. Verlinden and R. Cools, Homotopies exploiting Newton polytopes for solving sparse polynomial systems, SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 31(3) (1994) 915-930.
R. Walker, Algebraic Curves, 2nd ed. (Springer, New York, 1978).
J. Wimp, Sequence Transformations and Their Applications, Mathematics in Science and Engineering 154 (Academic Press, New York, 1981).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Huber, B., Verschelde, J. Polyhedral end games for polynomial continuation. Numerical Algorithms 18, 91–108 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019163811284
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019163811284