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Genome-wide copy number variation study associates metabotropic glutamate receptor gene networks with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Nature Genetics volume 44, pages 78–84 (2012)Cite this article

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Abstract

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, heritable neuropsychiatric disorder of unknown etiology. We performed a whole-genome copy number variation (CNV) study on 1,013 cases with ADHD and 4,105 healthy children of European ancestry using 550,000 SNPs. We evaluated statistically significant findings in multiple independent cohorts, with a total of 2,493 cases with ADHD and 9,222 controls of European ancestry, using matched platforms. CNVs affecting metabotropic glutamate receptor genes were enriched across all cohorts (P = 2.1 × 10−9). We saw GRM5 (encoding glutamate receptor, metabotropic 5) deletions in ten cases and one control (P = 1.36 × 10−6). We saw GRM7 deletions in six cases, and we saw GRM8 deletions in eight cases and no controls. GRM1 was duplicated in eight cases. We experimentally validated the observed variants using quantitative RT-PCR. A gene network analysis showed that genes interacting with the genes in the GRM family are enriched for CNVs in ∼10% of the cases (P = 4.38 × 10−10) after correction for occurrence in the controls. We identified rare recurrent CNVs affecting glutamatergic neurotransmission genes that were overrepresented in multiple ADHD cohorts.

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Figure 1: A deletion directly affecting GRM5 that is exclusive to cases with ADHD and that was replicated in the IMAGE and PUWMa studies.
Figure 2: GRM receptor gene interaction networks affected in ADHD.

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Acknowledgements

We thank all the children with ADHD and their families who participated in this study and all the control subjects who donated blood samples to The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) for genetic research purposes. We thank the technical staff at the Center for Applied Genomics, CHOP for generating the genotypes used in this study and the medical assistants, and nursing and medical staff who recruited the subjects. We thank the Center for Biomedical Informatics for bioinformatics support. We also thank S. Kristinsson, L.A. Hermannsson and A. Krisbjörnsson for their software design and contribution to the study.

We thank the IMAGE, IMAGE II and PUWMa consortium investigators and the NIMH for making the genotype data available. Funding support for International Multi-Center ADHD Genetics (IMAGE) and IMAGE II Projects was provided by US National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant R01MH62873 to S.V.F., and the genotyping of samples was provided through the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN). The dataset used for the IMAGE analyses described in this manuscript were obtained from the database of Genotype and Phenotype (dbGaP), which is found at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gap, through dbGaP accession numbers phs000016.v2.p2 (ADHD IMAGE), phs000020.v2.p1 (depression) and phs000019.v1.p1 (psoriasis). Samples and associated phenotype data for the GAIN Major Depression: Stage 1 Genome-wide Association In Population Based Samples Study (principal investigator, P.F. Sullivan, University of North Carolina) were provided by D.I. Boomsma and E. de Geus, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (principal investigators, Netherlands Twin Register); B.W. Penninx, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center Amsterdam; F. Zitman, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden; and W. Nolen, University Medical Center Groningen (principal investigators and site principal investigators, Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety). Samples and associated phenotype data for the Collaborative Association Study of Psoriasis were provided by J.T. Elder (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan), G.G. Krueger (University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah), A. Bowcock (Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri) and G.R. Abecasis (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan). Samples and associated phenotype data for the International Multi-Center ADHD Genetics Project were provided by the following investigators: S.V.F. (principal investigator), R.J.L.A., P.A., J.S., R.P.E., B.F., M. Gill, A. Miranda, F. Mulas, R.D.O., H.R., A. Rothenberger, T.B., J. Buitelaar, E. Sonuga-Barke and H.-C.S. (site principal investigators), M. Daly, C. Lange, N. Laird, J. Su and B. Neale (statistical analysis team). Samples and associated phenotype data were accessed through an authorized data access request by H.H. and S.F.A.G. Data collection for the PUWMa sample was supported by NIH grants to S.V.F., J. Biederman, S. Smalley, R. Todd and A.A.T. GWAS genotyping of the PUWMa samples was completed by Genizon and was provided through a grant for genotyping services to S.V.F. The PUWMa consortium represents a Pfizer-funded collaboration among the University of California Los Angeles, Washington University and Massachussetts General Hospital. We thank M.C. O'Donovan, M. Gill, M.J. Owen, P.A. Holmans, A. Thapar, B.M. Neale and A. Miranda for contributing DNA samples and phenotypes to the study and for editing the manuscript. We thank G. DePalma, T. Töpner, A. Guiney and H. Zhang for providing samples for the qRT-PCR CNV validation.

The study was supported by an Institutional Development Award to the Center for Applied Genomics from CHOP (H.H.), which funded all of the discovery genome-wide genotyping for this study. This work was additionally supported in part by NIH grant K23MH066275 (J.E.), University of Pennsylvania National Center for Research Resources Clinical and Translational Science Awards grant UL1-RR-024134 (J.E.), by a Research Development Award from the Cotswold Foundation (H.H. and S.F.A.G.) and by US Department of Health and Human Services grant 1RC2MH089924 (H.H.). N.T., T.S. and J.D.B. received support from the Seaver Foundation and a Conte Center for Neuroscience of Mental Disorders grant from the NIMH (P50MH066392).

Sample and phenotype data collection of parts of the IMAGE II cohort was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (KFO 125, SFB 581 and SFB TRR 58 to K.-P.L. and A. Reif, ME 1923/5-1 and ME 1923/5-3 to C.M.F. and J.M.) and the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF 01GV0605 to K.-P.L.).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Josephine Elia and Joseph T Glessner: These authors contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Josephine Elia

  2. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Josephine Elia

  3. Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Joseph T Glessner, Kai Wang, Dexter Hadley, Patrick M A Sleiman, Haitao Zhang, Cecilia E Kim, James H Flory, Jonathan P Bradfield, Marcin Imielinski, Cuiping Hou, Edward C Frackelton, Rosetta M Chiavacci, Kelly A Thomas, Maria Garris, Frank Mentch, Struan F A Grant & Hakon Hakonarson

  4. Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA

    Nagahide Takahashi, Takeshi Sakurai & Joseph D Buxbaum

  5. Department of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Corina J Shtir & Stanley F Nelson

  6. Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA

    Reid Robison & Gholson J Lyon

  7. Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Cara Rabin, Philip Shaw & Judith L Rapoport

  8. Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA

    Frank A Middleton & Stephen V Faraone

  9. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Christine M Freitag

  10. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Hans-Christoph Steinhausen, Susanne Walitza & Philip Asherson

  11. Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

    Hans-Christoph Steinhausen

  12. Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

    Hans-Christoph Steinhausen

  13. Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

    Alexandre A Todorov

  14. Department of Psychiatry, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Clinical Research Network, Unit of Molecular Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

    Andreas Reif & Klaus-Peter Lesch

  15. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

    Aribert Rothenberger

  16. Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Barbara Franke

  17. Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Barbara Franke

  18. Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Eric O Mick & Joseph Biederman

  19. Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    Herbert Roeyers

  20. Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Jan Buitelaar

  21. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany

    Tobias Banaschewski

  22. Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore

    Richard P Ebstein

  23. Department of Neuropaediatrics, La Fe University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Valencia, Spain

    Fernando Mulas

  24. Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

    Robert D Oades

  25. Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,

    Joseph Sergeant

  26. School of Psychology, Institute for Disorder on Impulse and Attention, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK.,

    Edmund Sonuga-Barke

  27. Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium

    Edmund Sonuga-Barke

  28. Child Study Center, New York University, New York, New York, USA

    Edmund Sonuga-Barke

  29. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

    Tobias J Renner, Marcel Romanos, Jasmin Romanos, Andreas Warnke & Susanne Walitza

  30. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany

    Marcel Romanos

  31. Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany

    Jobst Meyer & Haukur Pálmason

  32. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany

    Christiane Seitz

  33. Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Sandra K Loo & Susan L Smalley

  34. Bute Medical School, St. Andrews, Scotland, UK

    Lindsey Kent

  35. Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

    Richard J L Anney

  36. Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    J William Gaynor & Hakon Hakonarson

  37. Division of Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Marcella Devoto, Struan F A Grant & Hakon Hakonarson

  38. Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Marcella Devoto & Struan F A Grant

  39. Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy

    Marcella Devoto

  40. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Marcella Devoto

  41. Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Peter S White

  42. Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Peter S White

  43. Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.,

    Nigel M Williams

  44. Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.,

    Stephen V Faraone

  45. Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Hakon Hakonarson

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  1. Josephine Elia
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  2. Joseph T Glessner
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Contributions

H.H. and J.E. designed the CHOP study and supervised the data analyses and interpretation. S.V.F., M.G., P.A. and J. Buitelaar designed the IMAGE and IMAGE II studies. S.V.F. designed the PUWMa study and coordinated the analyses for the IMAGE, IMAGE II and PUWMa studies. J.T.G. and K.W. conducted the statistical analyses. C.E.K. and E.C.F. directed the stage 1 genotyping. J.D.B. coordinated the validation analyses. N.T. performed the qRT-PCR validation of the CNVs. J.T.G. and H.H. drafted the manuscript. J.E. collected the CHOP samples. C.R., P.S. and J.L.R. collected the NIMH samples. C.M.F., H.-C.S., A.A.T., A. Reif, A. Rothenberger, B.F., E.O.M., H.R., J. Buitelaar, K.-P.L., L.K., T.B., R.P.E., F.M., R.D.O., J.S., E.S.-B., T.J.R., M.R., J.R., A.W., S.W., J.M., H.P., C.S., S.K.L., S.L.S., J. Biederman, L.K., P.A. and R.J.L.A. collected data for the IMAGE, IMAGE II and PUWMa projects. J. Biederman, E.O.M., S.V.F., S.K.L., S.L.S. and A.A.T. collected samples for the PUWMa study. F.A.M. genotyped the IMAGE II data. H.H. directed and D.H. and J.T.G. performed the gene interaction network and functional enrichment analyses. All authors contributed to the manuscript preparation. S.F.A.G. accessed the public domain data, assisted with the interpretation of the data and edited the manuscript. All other authors contributed samples and/or were involved with data mining and processing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hakon Hakonarson.

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Competing interests

For the last 3 years, M.R. has been in the speakers' bureau for Janssen-Cilag. In previous years, he was on the speakers' bureau for MEDICE.

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Supplementary Note, Supplementary Figures 1–11 and Supplementary Tables 1–17. (PDF 2931 kb)

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Elia, J., Glessner, J., Wang, K. et al. Genome-wide copy number variation study associates metabotropic glutamate receptor gene networks with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nat Genet 44, 78–84 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.1013

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