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Diabetes mellitus and periodontitis: a tale of two common interrelated diseases

Nature Reviews Endocrinology volume 7, pages 738–748 (2011)Cite this article

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Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia) and periodontitis (a microbially induced inflammatory disorder that affects the supporting structures of teeth) are both common, chronic conditions. Multiple studies have demonstrated that diabetes mellitus (type 1 and type 2) is an established risk factor for periodontitis. Findings from mechanistic studies indicate that diabetes mellitus leads to a hyperinflammatory response to the periodontal microbiota and also impairs resolution of inflammation and repair, which leads to accelerated periodontal destruction. The cell surface receptor for advanced glycation end products and its ligands are expressed in the periodontium of individuals with diabetes mellitus and seem to mediate these processes. The association between the two diseases is bidirectional, as periodontitis has been reported to adversely affect glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus and to contribute to the development of diabetic complications. In addition, meta-analyses conclude that periodontal therapy in individuals with diabetes mellitus can result in a modest improvement of glycemic control. The effect of periodontal infections on diabetes mellitus is potentially explained by the resulting increase in levels of systemic proinflammatory mediators, which exacerbates insulin resistance. As our understanding of the relationship between diabetes mellitus and periodontitis deepens, increased patient awareness of the link between diabetes mellitus and oral health and collaboration among medical and dental professionals for the management of affected individuals become increasingly important.

Key Points

  • Diabetes mellitus is an established risk factor for periodontitis, a chronic microbially induced inflammatory disorder that affects the supporting structures of teeth

  • Diabetes mellitus leads to a hyperinflammatory response to the bacterial challenge in periodontitis and impairs repair; these effects are at least partly mediated by the receptor for advanced glycation end products and its ligands

  • Periodontitis can adversely affect glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus and contribute to the development of its complications

  • Periodontal therapy seems to result in a modest improvement of glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus

  • The adverse effect of periodontal infections on diabetes mellitus is potentially explained by the resulting increase in systemic inflammation, which contributes to insulin resistance

  • Increased patient awareness of the link between diabetes mellitus and periodontitis and collaboration among medical and dental professionals for the management of affected individuals are essential

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Figure 1: A 'two-hit' model for the pathogenesis of accelerated periodontal destruction in patients with diabetes mellitus.

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  1. Division of Periodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, PH7E-110, New York, 10032, NY, USA

    Evanthia Lalla & Panos N. Papapanou

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  1. Evanthia Lalla
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Lalla, E., Papapanou, P. Diabetes mellitus and periodontitis: a tale of two common interrelated diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol 7, 738–748 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2011.106

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