In the wake of a tsunami of misinterpreted, manipulated and malicious information surging online, misinformation around COVID-19 has taken centre stage. As a community of concerned scientists, we cannot rest and hope that technology platforms will weed out the bad information and shut down the amplifying algorithms to solve the ‘infodemic’ problem. Facebook, Twitter, Google and others are already working hard to curb the viral spread of harmful content, but they are one piece of a much larger universe of social networks and information sharing — online as well as offline — that needs attention.

In the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic, publics are particularly vulnerable to rumours and misinformation given the acute uncertainty around the virus itself. At the same time, the uncertainty and the novel nature of COVID-19 means that what may appear as ‘rumour’ — a yet unverified piece of information — may be an important clue to the behaviour and impact of this new virus. The challenge to the scientific and public health community is to help family, friends and communities to navigate and distinguish truth, partial truth and untruth in order to mitigate harm and build confidence.

Fig. 1: Monitoring social media related to COVID-19.
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Keywords that have appeared in our social media monitoring from 1 January 2020 (part a) and from 1 May 2020 (part b). From 1 May 2020, ‘lack of immunity’ starts appearing.

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Between January 2020 and the end of May 2020, the social media monitoring team at The Vaccine Confidence Project captured more than 698 million digital and social media messages globally referring to the new virus, with an average of 4.75 million messages daily. On Twitter, there have been 249 million unique authors who shared COVID-19 tweets. While we continue to listen and harvest both insights and concerns among the public, we are hearing the spectrum of conversations from potentially harmful conspiracy theories to genuine concerns.

Government guidance is inconsistent as it adapts to the trickle of new knowledge, leaders have other agendas driving their policy choices and some governments are giving guidance that conflicts with the World Health Organization, leaving the public confused. Is ‘social distance’ 1 metre or 2 metres? Is self-isolation 7 days or 14 days? Masks or no masks? In mid-May, England allowed a visit with one person, while Northern Ireland allowed six persons to gather with distancing; meanwhile Belgium said four is the limit, and every day the guidance is evolving as politicians assess the state of COVID-19 as well as the implications of their decisions for society more broadly.

One of the frequent recurring themes we see in our social media listening around COVID-19 is conversations around immunity — from alternative ways to build immunity to protect against COVID-19 to purported cures, as well as views around the notion of building herd immunity to COVID-19 and opinions around the legitimacy of an ‘immunity passport’. (Fig. 1). On the notion of immunity passports, most conversations ranged from sceptical to ardently opposed. The two main concerns were that, one, the ‘passport’ would have limited value, partly prompted by reported findings from a University of Amsterdam study showing that immunity may only last 6 months after infection, and, two, such a step could lead to human rights violations. As one person wrote, “Immunity passports are going to exacerbate inequality and further inculcate surveillance and state control” while another saw it as a form of “infection-based apartheid”.

The science on COVID-19, its pattern of spread, disease mechanisms and its longer-term impacts are unfolding every day. While an impressive body of work has been achieved given the short span of 6 months since the virus was first reported, it is not quick enough to fill the void of questions, anxieties and concerns. In the absence of scientifically proven COVID-19 treatments or vaccines, what is instead filling the void are those promoting alternative prevention and treatment options. Even as far back as the 1918 ‘Spanish’ influenza pandemic era, prevention and cure products were being touted in the form of snake oil, pine tar honey, laxatives and lozenges. Today the mantra among many is to ‘boost’ immunity to prevent or cure COVID-19, with various remedies ranging from the more benign liquorice and other ‘antiviral herbs’, drinking lemon and hot water, or eating garlic, to the more dangerous colloidal silver, and the list goes on. Some of the proposed remedies circulating on social media are not new, merely repurposed, such as the use of a bleaching agent, but others are bespoke products for COVID-19. The President of Madagascar, for instance, is promoting a new herbal tea called ‘Covid-Organics’, claiming it can prevent or cure COVID-19 and prompting a number of African countries to order shipments of the protective tea for their own populations.

Anxieties about state control are not unrelated to the growing movement of people embracing nature over modern medicine. There is a sense that diet and supplements are a way to control your own immune system, even to prevent or cure COVID-19 (ref.1), rather than following state-imposed measures from quarantines to vaccines “like sheep in a herd” as some liken themselves to in social media conversations. Risk expert Peter Sandman characterized what he calls the components of community outrage that risk communication needs to consider. On his list are two questions highly relevant to public conversations on vaccines and immunity2, “Is it controlled by me or by others?” and “Is it voluntary or coerced?” One poignant study searched the term ‘boost immunity’ on Google and analysed the content of 185 webpages that appeared in response. The preference for being in control of one’s own immunity through diet choices, vitamins and supplements versus government-controlled vaccines was clear. Of these websites on boosting immunity, 77% were focused on diet, 67% featured vitamins, 52% were on antioxidants and only 12% of the websites mentioned vaccines3. Although many of these approaches are not harmful in themselves, they miss an understanding of how our natural immune systems work by presuming that diet or vitamins alone can prevent serious diseases such as COVID-19. That is when these choices become harmful.

To create a better citizen understanding about immunity and inform safe decisions, directly challenging existing beliefs is not an option. Plenty of studies have shown that persuasion tactics can instead lead to entrenching rather than changing existing beliefs4. What is needed are ways to build public understanding of the mechanisms of our individual immune systems in ways that are tangible and resonate in the context of existing beliefs and sentiments. Paediatrician and vaccine scientist Paul Offit has been one of the most prolific writers and speakers in communicating vaccine science to lay audiences. In response to the commonly heard anxiety among parents that too many vaccines can ‘overload’ a child’s immune system, he put their concern in context. “A scraped knee,” he writes, “is a far greater immunological challenge than all of the childhood vaccines combined”5. Explaining the immune system as a system that is trained with every challenge, that it learns from childhood and has a memory of how to respond when the same challenge confronts it, is another approach that recognizes the dynamic system we each have to protect us. Neuroscientist Lisa Barrett’s book How Emotions are Made: The Secret Life of the Brain6 presents a compelling tale of the similar phenomena of how emotions are learned, explaining that every individual is ‘wired’ differently based on their personal histories and emotional challenges.

More than ever, we are in an era in which citizens want to own their own health decisions. The notion of boosting one’s own immunity gives individuals an opportunity to feel like they are taking charge of their health. And, to a certain extent, they are right. Healthy eating, exercise and vitamins, where needed, can help mitigate the seriousness of diseases and health conditions, and even save lives. The distinction that needs to be made, though, is what good nutrition, yoga and supplements cannot do is to stop a virus or bacteria from infecting people.