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  • Review Article
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Engineered dissipation for quantum information science

Nature Reviews Physics volume 4, pages 660–671 (2022)Cite this article

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Abstract

Quantum information processing relies on the precise control of non-classical states in the presence of many uncontrolled environmental degrees of freedom. The interactions between the relevant degrees of freedom and the environment are often viewed as detrimental, as they dissipate energy and decohere quantum states. Nonetheless, when controlled, dissipation is an essential tool for manipulating quantum information: dissipation engineering enables quantum measurement, quantum-state preparation and quantum-state stabilization. The advances in quantum technologies, marked by improvements of characteristic coherence times and extensible architectures for quantum control, have coincided with the development of such dissipation engineering tools that interface quantum and classical degrees of freedom. This Review presents dissipation as a fundamental aspect of the measurement and control of quantum devices, and highlights the role of dissipation engineering in quantum error correction and quantum simulation.

Key points

  • Dissipation is essential for quantum information processing: resetting to the ground state, measurement and cooling all require dissipation.

  • Carefully engineered dissipation can protect quantum information, control dynamics and enforce constraints.

  • Dissipation finds applications in quantum error correction, quantum sensing and quantum simulation.

  • Much of dissipation engineering focuses on designing ‘dark’ or dissipation-free manifolds of states that are stabilized by the dissipative process.

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Fig. 1: Zeno effects and optical pumping in three-level systems.
Fig. 2: Pointer states in quantum measurement.
Fig. 3: Quantum sensing.
Fig. 4: Dissipation in quantum simulation.

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Acknowledgements

We thank M. Hays, P. McMahon, A. Di Paulo and Y. Yanay for critical comments. This research was supported by an appointment to the Intelligence Community Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program at MIT, administered by Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education through an interagency agreement between the US Department of Energy and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant no. PHY-2110250, no. PHY-1752844 (CAREER), and a New Frontier Grant awarded by the College of Arts and Sciences at Cornell.

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  1. Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Patrick M. Harrington

  2. Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

    Erich J. Mueller

  3. Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA

    Kater W. Murch

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Harrington, P.M., Mueller, E.J. & Murch, K.W. Engineered dissipation for quantum information science. Nat Rev Phys 4, 660–671 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-022-00494-8

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