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  • Review Article
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Engineered nanoparticles for clinical assays

Nature Reviews Bioengineering (2024)Cite this article

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Abstract

Nanoparticles exhibit distinctive physical and chemical properties that make them effective mediators for optical, magnetic or electric signal transduction. Consequently, nanoparticles are increasingly used in the development of biosensing systems that can detect diseases rapidly and accurately, with potential applications extending to point-of-care settings. In this Review, we discuss key aspects of translating nanoparticles into clinical diagnostics, including particle optimization, device construction and biosensing applications. We focus on two representative particle types; gold nanoparticles and magnetic ferrite nanoparticles, which are widely used in biosensing. We explain the characteristics of these particles and illustrate how they can be tailored to detect various analytical targets such as nucleic acids, proteins and small molecules. Finally, we discuss emerging research directions to advance the clinical integration of nanoparticle assays.

Key points

  • Nanoparticles exhibit distinctive physical and chemical properties that make them effective mediators for optical, magnetic or electric signal transduction.

  • Nanoparticles can be used for in vitro biosensing, targeting various analytes such as nucleic acids, proteins and small molecules.

  • Gold nanoparticles and magnetic ferrite nanoparticles are the most widely used particles for biosensors to detect diseases rapidly and accurately.

  • Physical properties of nanoparticles can be fine-tuned by adjusting their size, shape and composition to improve the sensitivity of analytical assays or to expand their applicability in point-of-care testing.

  • To promote the translation of nanoparticle-based assays into clinical diagnostic tests, analytical accuracy, environmental safety and good manufacturing practices should be validated to ensure high performance standards.

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Fig. 1: Preparation of NPs and their physicochemical properties.
Fig. 2: NP-based assays for nucleic acid detection.
Fig. 3: NP-assisted detection of protein targets.
Fig. 4: Nanoparticle-based detection of small molecules.

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Acknowledgements

J. Cheon is supported by the Institute for Basic Science IBS-R026-D1. H.L. is supported by National Institutes of Health U01CA284982 and Massachusetts General Hospital scholar fund. J.H.L. is supported by Yonsei University Research Fund (2021-22-0323). A.J. is supported by a National Research Foundation NRF-2022R1C1C2008563 grant funded by the Korean government.

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  1. These authors contributed equally: Jiyong Cheong, Ala Jo.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Jiyong Cheong, Ala Jo, Jangwon Lee, Sujin Lee, Jung-uk Lee, Jae-Hyun Lee, Hakho Lee & Jinwoo Cheon

  2. Department of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Jae-Hyun Lee & Jinwoo Cheon

  3. Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Hakho Lee

  4. Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Hakho Lee

  5. Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Jinwoo Cheon

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J. Cheon and H.L. initiated the Review. J. Cheong and A.J. conducted the literature search. All authors developed the outline and contributed to the writing, reviewing and editing of the manuscript.

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Cheong, J., Jo, A., Lee, J. et al. Engineered nanoparticles for clinical assays. Nat Rev Bioeng (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44222-024-00208-y

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