Gradients of light availability and leaf traits with leaf age and canopy position in 28 Australian shrubs and trees
Ian J. Wright A C , Michelle R. Leishman A , Cassia Read A B and Mark Westoby AA Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
B Current address: School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia.
C Corresponding author. Email: iwright@rna.bio.mq.edu.au
D This paper originates from a presentation at ECOFIZZ 2005, North Stradbroke Island, Queensland, Australia, November 2005.
Functional Plant Biology 33(5) 407-419 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP05319
Submitted: 31 December 2005 Accepted: 9 February 2006 Published: 2 May 2006
Abstract
Light availability generally decreases vertically downwards through plant canopies. According to optimisation theory, in order to maximise canopy photosynthesis plants should allocate leaf nitrogen per area (Narea) in parallel with vertical light gradients, and leaf mass per area (LMA) and leaf angles should decrease down through the canopy also. Many species show trends consistent with these predictions, although these are never as steep as predicted. Most studies of canopy gradients in leaf traits have concerned tall herbaceous vegetation or forest trees. But do evergreen species from open habitats also show these patterns? We quantified gradients of light availability, LMA, leaf N and phosphorus (P), and leaf angle along leaf age sequences and vertical canopy profiles, across 28 woody species from open habitats in eastern Australia. The observed trends in LMA, Narea and leaf angle largely conflicted with expectations from canopy optimisation models, whereas trends in leaf P were more consistent with optimal allocation. These discrepancies most likely relate to these species having rather open canopies with quite shallow light gradients, but also suggest that modelling the co-optimisation of resources other than nitrogen is required for understanding plant canopies.
Keywords: canopy structure, leaf angle, nitrogen, optimisation models, phosphorus, photosynthesis.
Acknowledgments
Wright, Westoby and Leishman acknowledge support for their research from the Australian Research Council, in part through the ARC–NZ Research Network for Vegetation Function. Additional funding also came from a Macquarie University Research Grant to Leishman and Wright. We are also greatly indebted to David Duncan, Angela Moles, Barbara Rice and Peter Vesk for their enthusiastic assistance in the field, and to two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on the manuscript.
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