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Measurement of the hyperfine coupling constants and absolute energies of the 12s 2S1/2, 13s 2S1/2, and 11d 2DJ levels in atomic cesium

Jonah A. Quirk, Amy Damitz, Carol E. Tanner, and D. S. Elliott
Phys. Rev. A 105, 022819 – Published 22 February 2022

Abstract

We report measurements of the absolute energies of the hyperfine components of the 12s2S1/2 and 13s2S1/2 levels of atomic cesium, Cs133. Using the frequency difference between these components, we determine the hyperfine coupling constants for these states, and report these values with a relative uncertainty of 0.06%. We also examine the hyperfine structure of the 11d2DJ (J=3/2,5/2) states, and resolve the sign ambiguity of the hyperfine coupling constants from previous measurements of these states. We also derive new, high precision values for the state energies of the 12s2S1/2, 13s2S1/2, and 11d2DJ states of cesium.

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  • Received 3 January 2022
  • Accepted 8 February 2022

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.105.022819

©2022 American Physical Society

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Atomic, Molecular & Optical

Authors & Affiliations

Jonah A. Quirk1,2, Amy Damitz1,2, Carol E. Tanner3, and D. S. Elliott1,2,4

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
  • 2Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
  • 3Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
  • 4School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA

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Issue

Vol. 105, Iss. 2 — February 2022

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Images

  • Figure 1
    Figure 1

    Energy level diagram showing the hyperfine components (not to scale) of the 6s and ns states of cesium, where n=12 or 13. ν33 (ν44) indicates the frequency of the laser when resonant with the F=3F=3 (F=4F=4) two-photon transition. Ecg is the energy of the 12s or 13s state in the absence of the hyperfine interaction (that is, the center of gravity of the state).

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  • Figure 2
    Figure 2

    Experimental setup for the measurement of the two-photon absorption spectra. The commercial diode laser (ECDL) and tapered amplifier generate 180–300 mW of narrow-band cw light, which is focused into a heated cesium vapor cell. After passing through the cell, the laser light is reflected back on itself for Doppler-free two-photon excitation. We collect the fluorescence light (green box) emitted from the final 6p3/26s step of the decay, which we measure with a photomultiplier tube (PMT). We use a Faraday isolator to separate the retroreflected beam from the input beam, while maintaining the linear polarization of the excitation beam in the vapor cell. We stabilize the laser frequency (blue box), offset with an electro-optic modulator, to the transmission peak of a temperature-stabilized etalon. We measure the frequency (red box) of the beat note between the laser light and a single tooth of a frequency-comb laser (FCL) for absolute calibration of the laser frequency.

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  • Figure 3
    Figure 3

    (a) An example of a two-photon spectrum of a single hyperfine line, consisting of the normalized fluorescence signal versus the beat frequency νbeat. These data represent the 6s,F=413s,F=4 line. Each data point is the signal collected in a 100 ms window as the laser frequency is scanned continuously over the 14 MHz span. The solid green line is the result of a least-squares fit of a Lorentzian function to the data. (b) The residuals show the difference between the data points and the fitted function.

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  • Figure 4
    Figure 4

    Plots of the linewidth of the two-photon 6s,F=313s,F=3 spectrum versus (a) the laser power, and (b) the cesium pressure.

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  • Figure 5
    Figure 5

    Plots of the line center of the two-photon 6s,F=313s,F=3 spectrum versus (a) the cesium density, and (b) the laser power. We show the residuals between the data and a linear fit in plots (c) and (d).

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  • Figure 6
    Figure 6

    Energy level diagram showing the hyperfine components of the 11d3/2 and 11d5/2 states in cesium. Not shown here is the ground state from which we excite the cesium atoms. Note that the 11d5/2 state is inverted, with the level energy decreasing with increasing F. The energy spacings of the 11d3/2 state are not drawn to scale with the energy spacings of the 11d5/2 state, nor is the fine-structure interval between the 11d3/2 and 11d5/2 states to scale.

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  • Figure 7
    Figure 7

    Spectra of the 11d states. (a) 6s,F=411d3/2,F, (b) 6s,F=311d3/2,F, (c) 6s,F=411d5/2,F, and (d) 6s,F=311d5/2,F. The green curve is the result of a least-squares fit to the spectra. The vertical lines indicate the positions and relative line strengths of each of the individual hyperfine components to the spectra.

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  • Figure 8
    Figure 8

    The derivative of the spectra of the 11d5/2 states. (a) 6s,F=411d5/2,F and (b) 6s,F=311d5/2,F.

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