Figure 1

(a) Experimental configuration showing the wave plate (WP), the polarizing beam splitter (PBS), the single-mode (SM) fiber, and the single-photon-counting module (SPCM). (b) Energy-level diagram of ${}^{171}\mathrm{Yb}$. The magnetic substates $m_I=+1/2$ and $-1/2$ in the ground state ${}^1{S}_0$ ($I=1/2$) are denoted by $|\uparrow \rangle$ and $|\downarrow \rangle$, respectively. The substates in the excited state ${}^3{P}_1$ are labeled as $|F^{\prime },m_{F^{\prime }}\rangle$. The Zeeman shift of the $|3/2,-3/2\rangle$ state caused by the bias magnetic field is $\Delta =2\pi \times 71\hspace{0.5em}\mathrm{MHz}$.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 2

Normalized fluorescence as a function of the detuning of the excitation beam. Blue data points (circles) are for beam power of 100 nW, red points (triangles) are for 300 nW, the solid black curve is for 1 nW, the dotted blue curve is for 100 nW, and the dashed red curve is for 300 nW. All curves are calculated based on a modified model [20]. The inset shows the fluorescence taken with the power adjusted at each detuning.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 3

Time chart of the experimental procedure for the measurements of (a) Faraday rotation and (b) variation of spin polarization.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 4

(a) Transmittance for the ${\sigma }_{-}$ component of the probe pulse and (b) rotation angle of polarization for the transmitted probe as a function of the detuning. Solid curves are calculated without fitting based on our model (see text). Dashed curves are obtained with the maximum coupling $g_0$.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 5

(a) Population of the $|\downarrow \rangle$ state after the projection on the probe pulse as a function of the polarization angle $\varphi$ of the measurement basis. The model includes only the pure rotation of polarization, and a rotation angle of $\theta =-10\hspace{0.5em}\mathrm{deg}$ for $|\downarrow \rangle$ is assumed. (b) Comparison of measured data by using a theory that takes ellipticity into account. Blue circles show data taken conditioned on the detection of reflected photons. Red triangles show data for transmitted photons. Note that if the rotation angle $\varphi$ goes beyond 90 deg, the roles of the reflected and the transmitted conditions interchange. The inset shows the population versus the probe detuning for the basis of $\varphi =60\hspace{0.5em}\mathrm{deg}$.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 6

Maximum rotation angle and the corresponding system parameters, $g_0$, $\kappa$, and $\gamma$, as a function of (a) the cavity length and (b) the reflectivity of the cavity mirrors. The open circles indicate the maximum angle of 23.6 deg that can be achieved in the present work with a cavity length of $150\hspace{0.5em}\mu \mathrm{m}$ and a reflectivity of 0.999 972.Reuse & Permissions