Abstract
Arguments are presented in support of the idea that the total energy losses of cosmic rays passing through molecular clouds can exceed the energy production due to the action of shocks in supernovae. Galactic cosmic rays interacting with the surface layers of molecular clouds can be efficiently reflected, so that they do not penetrate into the depths of the clouds. Low-energy cosmic rays (E < 1 GeV) that can produce the primary ionization of the molecular-cloud gas can be generated inside such clouds by numerous shocks arising due to supersonic turbulence.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
W. D. Watson, Rev. Mod. Phys. 48, 513 (1976).
E. J. O’Donnell and W. D. Watson, Astrophys. J. 191, 89 (1974).
J. Barsuhn and C. M. Walmsley, Astron. Astrophys. 54, 345 (1977).
P. C. Myers and V. K. Khersonsky, Astrophys. J. 442, 186 (1995).
C. J. Cesarsky and H. J. Völk, Astron. Astrophys. 70, 367 (1978).
T. Nakano and E. Tademaru, Astrophys. J. 173, 87 (1972).
J. A. Simpson, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 33, 330 (1983).
C. F. McKee, The Origin of Stars and Planetary Systems, Ed. by C. J. Lada and N. D. Kylafis (Kluwer Acad., 1999), p. 29.
M. H. Heyer and S. Terebey, Astrophys. J. 502, 265 (1998).
E. Falgarone and J.-L. Puget, Astron. Astrophys. 162, 235 (1986).
R. Schlickeiser, Cosmic Ray Astrophysics (Springer, Berlin, 2002).
J. Cho and A. Lazarian, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 245001 (2002).
J. G. Vestuto, E. C. Ostriker, and J. M. Stone, Astrophys. J. 590, 858 (2003).
J. Ballesteros-Paredes, E. Vazquez-Semadeni, and J. Scalo, Astrophys. J. 515, 286 (1999).
E. Vazquez-Semadeni, in New Perspectives in the Interstellar Medium, Ed. by A. R. Taylor, T. L. Landecker, and G. Joncas (Astron. Soc. Pacif., San Francisco, 1999), ASP Conf. Ser., Vol. 168, p. 345.
W.-T. Kim, E. C. Ostriker, and J. M. Stone, Astrophys. J. 581, 1080 (2002).
R. S. Klessen, Rev. Mod. Astron. 16 (2003).
J. P. Phillips, Astron. Astrophys., Suppl. Ser. 134, 241 (1999).
F. J. Vrba, S. E. Strom, and K. M. Strom, Astron. J. 96, 680 (1988).
S. Boldyrev, Astrophys. J. 569, 841 (2002).
P. Padoan, A. A. Goodman, and M. Juvela, Astrophys. J. 588, 881 (2003).
E. Falgarone, J.-L. Puget, and M. Perault, Astron. Astrophys. 257, 715 (1992).
P. C. Myers and C. F. Gammie, Astrophys. J. 522, L141 (1999).
I. N. Toptygin, Cosmic Rays in Interplanetary Magnetic Fields (Nauka, Moscow, 1983; Reidel, Dordrecht, 1985).
A. M. Bykov and I. N. Toptygin, Zh. Éksp. Teor. Fiz. 98, 1255 (1990) [Sov. Phys. JETP 71, 702 (1990)].
A. M. Bykov and G. D. Fleishman, Pis’ma Astron. Zh. 18, 234 (1992) [Sov. Astron. Lett. 18, 95 (1992)].
A. M. Bykov and G. D. Fleishman, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 255, 269 (1992).
D. C. Ellison and D. Eichler, Astrophys. J. 286, 691 (1984).
R. Blandford and D. Eichler, Phys. Rep. 154, 2 (1987).
M. A. Lee, J. Geophys. Res. 87, 5063 (1982).
L. O’C. Drury, W. J. Markiewicz, and H. J. Völk, Astron. Astrophys. 225, 179 (1989).
J. Bally, Galactic Structure, Stars and the Interstellar Medium. ASP Conf. Ser, Ed. by C. E. Woodward, M. D. Bicay, and J. M. Shull (Astron. Soc. Pacif., San Francisco, 2001), ASP Conf. Ser., Vol. 231, p. 204.
S. D. Doty, E. F. van Dishoeck, F. F. S. van der Tak, and A. M. S. Boonman, Astron. Astrophys. 389, 446 (2002).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
__________
Translated from Astronomicheski\(\overset{\lower0.5em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\smile}$}}{l}\) Zhurnal, Vol. 82, No. 4, 2005, pp. 302–307.
Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Shchekinov.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shchekinov, Y.A. The generation of low-energy cosmic rays in molecular clouds. Astron. Rep. 49, 269–273 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1134/1.1898404
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/1.1898404