research-article

Free access

When Trust Saves Energy: A Reference Framework for Proof of Trust (PoT) Blockchains

Authors:

Sarunas GirdzijauskasAuthors Info & Claims

WWW '18: Companion Proceedings of the The Web Conference 2018

Pages 1165 - 1169

https://doi.org/10.1145/3184558.3191553

Published: 23 April 2018 Publication History

All formats PDF

Abstract

Blockchains are attracting the attention of many technical, financial, and industrial parties, as a promising infrastructure for achieving secure peer-to-peer (P2P) transactional systems. At the heart of blockchains is proof-of-work (PoW), a trustless leader election mechanism based on demonstration of computational power. PoW provides blockchain security in trusless P2P environments, but comes at the expense of wasting huge amounts of energy. In this research work, we question this energy expenditure of PoW under blockchain use cases where some form of trust exists between the peers. We propose a Proof-of-Trust (PoT) blockchain where peer trust is valuated in the network based on a trust graph that emerges in a decentralized fashion and that is encoded in and managed by the blockchain itself. This trust is then used as a waiver for the difficulty of PoW; that is, the more trust you prove in the network, the less work you do.

References

[1]

Lada A Adamic, Rajan M Lukose, Amit R Puniyani, and Bernardo A Huberman. 2001. Search in power-law networks. Physical review E, Vol. 64, 4 (2001), 046135.

[2]

Stephen P Borgatti and Martin G Everett. 2006. A graph-theoretic perspective on centrality. Social networks, Vol. 28, 4 (2006), 466--484.

[3]

Ye Du, Yaoyun Shi, and Xin Zhao. 2007. Using spam farm to boost PageRank. In Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Adversarial information retrieval on the web. ACM, 29--36.

Digital Library

[4]

Ittay Eyal, Adem Efe Gencer, Emin Gün Sirer, and Robbert Van Renesse. 2016. Bitcoin-NG: A Scalable Blockchain Protocol. In NSDI. 45--59.

Digital Library

[5]

Rino Falcone, Giovanni Pezzulo, and Cristiano Castelfranchi. 2002. A fuzzy approach to a belief-based trust computation Workshop on Deception, Fraud and Trust in Agent Societies. Springer, 73--86.

Digital Library

[6]

Juan A Garay, Aggelos Kiayias, and Nikos Leonardos. 2015. The Bitcoin Backbone Protocol: Analysis and Applications. EUROCRYPT (2). 281--310.

[7]

Ferry Hendrikx, Kris Bubendorfer, and Ryan Chard. 2015. Reputation systems: A survey and taxonomy. J. Parallel and Distrib. Comput. Vol. 75 (2015), 184--197.

Digital Library

[8]

Audun Jøsang, Roslan Ismail, and Colin Boyd. 2007. A survey of trust and reputation systems for online service provision. Decision support systems Vol. 43, 2 (2007), 618--644.

Digital Library

[9]

Aggelos Kiayias, Alexander Russell, Bernardo David, and Roman Oliynykov. 2017. Ouroboros: A provably secure proof-of-stake blockchain protocol Annual International Cryptology Conference. Springer, 357--388.

[10]

Ahmed Kosba, Andrew Miller, Elaine Shi, Zikai Wen, and Charalampos Papamanthou. 2016. Hawk: The blockchain model of cryptography and privacy-preserving smart contracts Security and Privacy (SP), 2016 IEEE Symposium on. IEEE, 839--858.

[11]

Jure Leskovec and Andrej Krevl. 2014. SNAP Datasets: Stanford Large Network Dataset Collection. http://snap.stanford.edu/data. (June. 2014).

[12]

Mitar Milutinovic, Warren He, Howard Wu, and Maxinder Kanwal. 2016. Proof of Luck: An efficient Blockchain consensus protocol Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on System Software for Trusted Execution. ACM, 2.

Digital Library

[13]

Satoshi Nakamoto. 2008. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. (2008).

[14]

Lawrence Page, Sergey Brin, Rajeev Motwani, and Terry Winograd. 1999. The PageRank citation ranking: Bringing order to the web. Technical Report. Stanford InfoLab.

[15]

Nikita Spirin and Jiawei Han. 2012. Survey on web spam detection: principles and algorithms. ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter Vol. 13, 2 (2012), 50--64.

Digital Library

[16]

Don Tapscott and Alex Tapscott. 2016. Blockchain Revolution: How the technology behind Bitcoin is changing money, business, and the world. Penguin.

Digital Library

[17]

Fan Zhang, Ittay Eyal, Robert Escriva, Ari Juels, and Robbert van Renesse. 2017. REM: Resource-Efficient Mining for Blockchains. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive Vol. 2017 (2017), 179.

[18]

Guy Zyskind, Oz Nathan, et al. 2015. Decentralizing privacy: Using blockchain to protect personal data Security and Privacy Workshops (SPW), 2015 IEEE. IEEE, 180--184.

Cited By

Wang NZhou ZLiu JDeng LFu J(2024)Secure and Distributed IoV Data Sharing Scheme based on a Hybrid PoS Blockchain ProtocolIEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology10.1109/TVT.2024.3378534(1-16)Online publication date: 2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2024.3378534
Onencan AOu Jde Koning J(2024)Social acceptance of district heating: evidence from the NetherlandsSustainability Science10.1007/s11625-023-01452-819:3(815-830)Online publication date: 15-Feb-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-023-01452-8
Hussain MMehmood AKhan MLloret JMaple C(2024)Performance Optimized Leader Selection Consensus Algorithm for Consortium Blockchain Using Trust Values of NodesCooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering10.1007/978-3-031-71315-6_27(253-264)Online publication date: 15-Sep-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-71315-6_27
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Recommendations

How to make a digital currency on a blockchain stable
Abstract
Bitcoin and other similar digital currencies on blockchains are not ideal means for payment, because their prices tend to go up in the long term (thus people are incentivized to hoard those currencies), and to fluctuate widely in the ...
Highlights
- Market prices of cryptocurrency are automatically stabilized by absorbing demand shocks.
The effects of individual-level espoused national cultural values on the willingness to use Bitcoin-like blockchain currencies
Abstract
Some have called bitcoin a real bubble, while, according to others, it is the most radical invention of the twenty-first century. Nevertheless, there is a consensus regarding the disruptive potential of blockchain technology, which is ...
Highlights
- Espoused national cultural values affect the use of blockchain currencies.
- ...
ZeroCalo: A Lightweight Blockchain Based on DHT Network
ICBTA '19: Proceedings of the 2019 2nd International Conference on Blockchain Technology and Applications

The blockchain technology introduced in Satoshi Nakamoto's paper "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" bring a realistic distributed way of transaction to this world. The alternative blockchain Ethereum improved some demerits of Bitcoin. ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Other conferences

WWW '18: Companion Proceedings of the The Web Conference 2018

April 2018

2023 pages

ISBN:9781450356404

General Chairs:
Pierre-Antoine Champin
Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France
,
Fabien Gandon
Inria, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, I3S, France
,
Lionel Médini
Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LIRIS, France
,
Program Chairs:
Mounia Lalmas
Spotify, UK
,
Panagiotis G. Ipeirotis
New York University, USA

Copyright © 2018 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Sponsors

IW3C2: International World Wide Web Conference Committee

In-Cooperation

SIGWEB: ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web

Publisher

International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee

Republic and Canton of Geneva, Switzerland

Publication History

Published: 23 April 2018

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Conference

WWW '18

Sponsor:

IW3C2

WWW '18: The Web Conference 2018

April 23 - 27, 2018

Lyon, France

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 1,899 of 8,196 submissions, 23%

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

23
Total Citations
View Citations
1,196
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)223
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)23

Reflects downloads up to 21 Sep 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Wang NZhou ZLiu JDeng LFu J(2024)Secure and Distributed IoV Data Sharing Scheme based on a Hybrid PoS Blockchain ProtocolIEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology10.1109/TVT.2024.3378534(1-16)Online publication date: 2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2024.3378534
Onencan AOu Jde Koning J(2024)Social acceptance of district heating: evidence from the NetherlandsSustainability Science10.1007/s11625-023-01452-819:3(815-830)Online publication date: 15-Feb-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-023-01452-8
Hussain MMehmood AKhan MLloret JMaple C(2024)Performance Optimized Leader Selection Consensus Algorithm for Consortium Blockchain Using Trust Values of NodesCooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering10.1007/978-3-031-71315-6_27(253-264)Online publication date: 15-Sep-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-71315-6_27
Platt MMcBurney P(2023)Sybil in the Haystack: A Comprehensive Review of Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms in Search of Strong Sybil Attack ResistanceAlgorithms10.3390/a1601003416:1(34)Online publication date: 6-Jan-2023
https://doi.org/10.3390/a16010034
Biswas AYadav RBaranwal GTripathi A(2023)Proof of Karma (PoK): A Novel Consensus Mechanism for Consortium BlockchainIEEE Transactions on Services Computing10.1109/TSC.2022.323192716:4(2908-2922)Online publication date: 1-Jul-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/TSC.2022.3231927
Rosli AHassan SOmar M(2023)Data authentication mechanism using blockchain’s proof-of-trust mechanism in named data networkingADVANCES IN FRACTURE AND DAMAGE MECHANICS XX10.1063/5.0128154(020020)Online publication date: 2023
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0128154
Laessig MKumar KBauerle WStawicki SDesai SCostello KErickson-Parsons L(2023)Potential Implementations of Blockchain Technology in Patient Safety: A High-Level OverviewBlockchain in Healthcare10.1007/978-3-031-14591-9_8(117-140)Online publication date: 2-Jan-2023
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14591-9_8
Alofi ABokhari MBahsoon RHendley R(2022)Optimizing the Energy Consumption of Blockchain-Based Systems Using Evolutionary Algorithms: A New Problem FormulationIEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing10.1109/TSUSC.2022.31604917:4(910-922)Online publication date: 1-Oct-2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/TSUSC.2022.3160491
Alrubei SBall ERigelsford J(2022)The Use of Blockchain to Support Distributed AI Implementation in IoT SystemsIEEE Internet of Things Journal10.1109/JIOT.2021.30641769:16(14790-14802)Online publication date: 15-Aug-2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2021.3064176
Alrubei SBall ERigelsford J(2022)HDPoAComputer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking10.1016/j.comnet.2022.109337217:COnline publication date: 9-Nov-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1016/j.comnet.2022.109337
Show More Cited By

View Options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

HTML Format

View this article in HTML Format.

Get Access

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Table of Contents