Abstract
As the fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication system is being commercialized, extensive studies on the evolution of 5G and sixth-generation (6G) mobile communication systems have been conducted. Future mobile communication systems are evidently evolving toward a more intelligent and software-reconfigurable functionality paradigm that can provide ubiquitous communication, as well as sense, control, and optimize wireless environments. Thus, integrating communication and localization using the highly directional transmission characteristics of millimeter waves (mmWaves) is a promising route. This approach not only expands the localization capabilities of a communication system but also provides new concepts and opportunities to enhance communication. In this paper, we explain the integrated communication and localization in mmWave systems, in which these processes share the same set of hardware architecture and algorithms. We also provide an overview of the key enabling technologies and the basic knowledge on localization. Then, we provide two promising directions for studies on localization with an extremely large antenna array and model-based (or model-driven) neural networks. We also discuss a comprehensive guidance for location-assisted mmWave communications in terms of channel estimation, channel state information feedback, beam tracking, synchronization, interference control, resource allocation, and user selection. Finally, we outline the future trends on the mutual assistance and enhancement of communication and localization in integrated systems.
概要
随着第五代(5G)移动通信系统的商业化,关于5G和6G移动通信系统的演进也已经展开了广泛的研究。未来的移动通信系统显然正朝着更加智能化和软件可重新配置的方向发展,它可以提供万物互联能力,并且能感知、控制和优化无线环境。因此,通过利用毫米波的高定向传输特性来整合通信与定位是一个很有前景的方法。这种方法不仅扩展了通信系统的定位能力,而且提供了增强通信的新概念和新机会。本文解释了毫米波系统中的通信定位一体化技术,该技术共享同一套硬件架构和算法体系; 阐述了基于超大规模天线阵列和模型驱动神经网络的通信定位一体化技术; 并为定位辅助的毫米微波通信提出全面的指导。
通信定位一体化技术通过共享无线通信的基础设施和时间-频率-空间资源,来实现通信和定位的先进技术在硬件架构和算法系统层面上的高度整合。通信和定位的协同能通过高速率、低延时的毫米波通信系统的信息交互能力来实现。通信和定位的共同设计打破了二者单独运行的传统模式,并在一个系统中实现了高吞吐量的通信和高精度的定位。因此,通过信道估计获得的信道状态信息(CSI)不仅是通信的基础,也含有发射端、接收端和周围散射体的位移和移动的附带信息。毫米波系统中的通信定位一体化是基于CSI或CSI相关参数的。然后,更加可靠的通信能提供定位所需要的更加精确的测量,通信和定位的相互辅助与增强就能以迭代的方式实现。此外,更加精确的位置估计减少了通信开销。
毫米波通信系统中的定位旨在基于基站或锚节点发送或接收的一组无线参考信号,估计用户设备或代理节点的位置、速度和方向以及可能的散射体。通过复用毫米波通信的基础设施来部署定位既方便又划算。该过程重复利用了通信系统接收端已有的实时信道状态信息。
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(1)
基于超大天线阵的定位
随着天线维度逐渐上升,天线阵列辐射的近场区的距离也逐渐增大,因此用户和重要的散射体就更可能会被定位在阵列的近场区。基于球面波的大均匀线性阵列的标准响应模型,允许使用新参数表征路径,即在平面波的假设之下,除了常规参数之外,源和参考点之间的距离也可以用来表征路径。因此,近场效应有利于用波前曲率共同估计源的距离和方向。这个过程可以提高定位的准确性,并可能取消参考锚之间显式同步的需求。
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(2)
基于模型驱动神经网络的定位
为克服基于纯数据或纯模型的定位方法的缺点,提出一种基于混合数据和模型的定位方法,即基于模型的神经网络定位。使用这个技术,就能够设计出带有理论定位基础的神经网络拓扑,网络的结构可以被解释和预测。目前,将神经网络与几何模型相结合的定位方法很少被提及。基于模型的神经网络方法很明显保留了基于模型方法的优点(确定性和理论合理性)和基于数据方法的强大学习能力。它还克服了精准建模的困难,避免了时间和计算资源的大量需求。基于模型的神经网络定位包括3个部分:测量模型、定位算法和神经网络。
毫米波频段的电磁特性决定了毫米波通信的高方向性。因此,位置信息(包括速度)与毫米波通信的各个方面有关,例如自由空间路径损耗、多普勒频移、信道质量、波束方向、阻塞和干扰水平。传统的毫米波通信完全基于估计的CSI运行,因此要求非常频繁的波束训练和信道估计过程,以克服毫米波信号所经受的大路径损耗和高阻塞概率。受通信系统获得的高精度位置信息的激励,传统的基于CSI的通信方法可以转变为基于CSI和基于位置的混合方法。
当前的毫米波通信系统是为无线通信而非定位应用而设计的。因此,通过毫米波通信和定位一体化系统的高吞吐量通信和高精度定位需要额外的研究,包括硬件不理想特性、通信和定位层的交互设计、跨设备信息的融合等。
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Jie YANG designed the research and drafted the manuscript. Jie YANG, Jing XU, Xiao LI, Shi JIN, and Bo GAO revised and finalized the paper.
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Jie YANG, Jing XU, Xiao LI, Shi JIN, and Bo GAO declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholars (No. 61625106), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61941104), and the Scientific Research Foundation of Graduate School of Southeast University, China (No. YBPY2015)
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Yang, J., Xu, J., Li, X. et al. Integrated communication and localization in millimeter-wave systems. Front Inform Technol Electron Eng 22, 457–470 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1631/FITEE.2000505
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1631/FITEE.2000505
Key words
- Millimeter-wave
- Integrated communication and localization
- Location-assisted communication
- Extremely large antenna array
- Reconfigurable intelligent surface
- Artificial intelligence
- Neural networks