Sulfate Aerosols from Non-Explosive Volcanoes: Chemical-Radiative Effects in the Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. ULAQ-CCM
2.2. Numerical Experiment Setup and Sulfur Budget
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Aerosol Products
3.2. Upper Tropospheric Cirrus Ice Perturbation
3.3. Tropospheric Chemistry Perturbation
3.4. Stratospheric Chemistry Perturbation
3.5. Tropopause Radiative Flux Changes
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix
Appendix 1. Dynamics
Appendix 2. Transport
Appendix 3. Radiation
Appendix 4. Sulfate Aerosols
Appendix 5. Cirrus Ice (via Homogeneous Freezing)
References
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Sulfur Emission (Tg-S/yr) | SO2 Burden (Tg-S) (%) | SO42− Burden (Tg-S) (%) | Efficiency | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 98.4 | 0.56 Tg-S | 0.61 Tg-S | - |
Anthropogenic Biomass Burning Oceanic (DMS) OCS photolysis | 88.8 | 86% | 84% | 0.93 |
Non-Explosive Volcanoes | 9.6 | 14% | 16% | 1.64 |
SO2 Source (Tg-S/yr) | SO2 Burden (Tg-S) (%) | SO42− Source (Tg-S/yr) | SO42− Burden (Tg-S) (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Stratospheric | 0.145 | 0.0120 Tg-S | 0.160 | 0.162 Tg-S |
Anthropogenic Biomass Burning Oceanic (DMS) OCS photolysis | 0.138 | 95% | 0.150 | 94% |
Non-Explosive Volcanoes | 0.007 | 5.0% | 0.010 | 6.0% |
Optical Depth (λ = 0.55 µm) | CH4 Lifetime (%) | O3 Column (DU) | RF-SW (mW·m−2) | RF-LW (mW·m−2) | RF-NET (mW·m−2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SO42− direct | 5.3 × 10−3 | −105 | 7.0 | −98 | ||
SO42− indirect (warm clouds) | −44 | - | −44 | |||
Ice (cirrus clouds) | −1.0 × 10−3 | 9.0 | −90 | −81 | ||
CH4 | 1.1 | - | 10 | 10 | ||
O3 | −1.0 | −3.0 | −18 | −21 | ||
Total RF | −143 | −91 | −234 |
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Pitari, G.; Visioni, D.; Mancini, E.; Cionni, I.; Di Genova, G.; Gandolfi, I. Sulfate Aerosols from Non-Explosive Volcanoes: Chemical-Radiative Effects in the Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere. Atmosphere 2016, 7, 85. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos7070085
Pitari G, Visioni D, Mancini E, Cionni I, Di Genova G, Gandolfi I. Sulfate Aerosols from Non-Explosive Volcanoes: Chemical-Radiative Effects in the Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere. Atmosphere. 2016; 7(7):85. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos7070085
Chicago/Turabian StylePitari, Giovanni, Daniele Visioni, Eva Mancini, Irene Cionni, Glauco Di Genova, and Ilaria Gandolfi. 2016. "Sulfate Aerosols from Non-Explosive Volcanoes: Chemical-Radiative Effects in the Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere" Atmosphere 7, no. 7: 85. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos7070085