Characteristics and Residual Health Risk of Organochlorine Pesticides in Fresh Vegetables in the Suburb of Changchun, Northeast China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sampling Sites
2.2. Materials and Reagents
2.3. Analysis and Quality Control
2.4. Human Risk Assessment of OCPs through Vegetables Consumption
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. OCPs in Vegetables
3.2. Composition and Source Analysis of OCPs
3.3. Consumption Health Risk of OCPs in Vegetable
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pesticides | LOD (µg·kg−1) | Spiked Concentration (µg·kg−1) | Recovery (%) (n = 3) | RSD% |
---|---|---|---|---|
o,p′-DDT | 0.13 | 50.00 | 87.61 | 5.65 |
p,p′-DDT | 0.17 | 50.00 | 83.53 | 7.32 |
p,p′-DDD | 0.11 | 50.00 | 92.95 | 4.76 |
p,p′-DDE | 0.10 | 50.00 | 89.66 | 9.82 |
α-HCH | 0.080 | 50.00 | 91.23 | 6.45 |
β-HCH | 0.18 | 50.00 | 84.93 | 8.71 |
γ-HCH | 0.090 | 50.00 | 93.51 | 10.20 |
δ-HCH | 0.10 | 50.00 | 81.39 | 9.80 |
heptachlor | 0.11 | 50.00 | 76.21 | 11.15 |
cis-chlordane | 0.070 | 50.00 | 80.57 | 5.81 |
tran-chlordane | 0.080 | 50.00 | 81.60 | 9.14 |
OCPs | Leafy Vegetables (n = 68) | Root Vegetables (n = 16) | Fruit Vegetables (n = 130) | Total (n = 214) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese Cabbage (n = 28) | Welsh Onion (n = 40) | Radish (n = 16) | Cucumber (n = 31) | Pepper (n = 29) | Eggplant (n = 34) | Tomato (n = 36) | ||||||||||
Range | Mean | Range | Mean | Range | Mean | Range | Mean | Range | Mean | Range | Mean | Range | Mean | Range | Mean | |
∑HCHs | nd-69.13 | 9.43 | nd-53.76 | 11.94 | nd-53.71 | 8.42 | nd-9.08 | 1.91 | nd-68.57 | 6.64 | nd-26.56 | 3.14 | nd-54.41 | 5.40 | nd-69.13 | 6.60 |
α-HCH | nd-5.55 | 0.62 | nd-3.40 | 0.52 | nd-1.68 | 0.22 | nd-2.28 | 0.18 | nd-14.64 | 1.22 | nd-3.04 | 0.22 | nd-1.98 | 0.23 | nd-14.64 | 0.42 |
β-HCH | nd-10.02 | 1.64 | nd-14.12 | 3.28 | nd-33.92 | 4.44 | nd-8.61 | 0.81 | nd-20.02 | 2.56 | nd-21.68 | 1.43 | nd-3.90 | 0.26 | nd-33.92 | 1.88 |
γ-HCH | nd-67.59 | 6.93 | nd-50.01 | 8.08 | nd-39.94 | 3.68 | nd-5.59 | 0.68 | nd-34.03 | 2.80 | nd-19.96 | 1.32 | nd-47.76 | 4.84 | nd-67.59 | 4.16 |
δ-HCH | nd-3.03 | 0.24 | nd-1.58 | 0.06 | nd-0.79 | 0.08 | nd-1.73 | 0.24 | nd-1.08 | 0.06 | nd-2.08 | 0.17 | nd-0.68 | 0.070 | nd-3.03 | 0.14 |
∑DDTs | nd-59.65 | 9.34 | nd-56.4 | 11.43 | nd-56.28 | 8.36 | nd-9.29 | 1.34 | nd-86.65 | 5.64 | nd-14.84 | 2.04 | nd-55.99 | 3.05 | nd-86.65 | 5.82 |
o,p′-DDT | nd-28.27 | 2.05 | nd-32.77 | 5.04 | nd-37.96 | 5.98 | nd-3.77 | 0.54 | nd-73.19 | 4.08 | nd-5.53 | 0.54 | nd-40.33 | 1.66 | nd-73.19 | 2.74 |
p,p′-DDT | nd-31.72 | 4.60 | nd-14.98 | 2.58 | nd-14.46 | 1.60 | nd-4.46 | 0.34 | nd-11.93 | 1.02 | nd-4.21 | 0.38 | nd-6.88 | 0.63 | nd-31.72 | 1.57 |
p,p′-DDD | nd-21.54 | 2.12 | nd-9.93 | 1.76 | nd-2.98 | 0.46 | nd-2.88 | 0.22 | nd-2.57 | 0.23 | nd-2.62 | 0.28 | nd-4.59 | 0.32 | nd-21.54 | 0.78 |
p,p′-DDE | nd-3.77 | 0.57 | nd-15.42 | 2.05 | nd-2.46 | 0.32 | nd-2.69 | 0.24 | nd-4.62 | 0.31 | nd-7.38 | 0.84 | nd-4.14 | 0.44 | nd-15.42 | 0.73 |
∑Chlordans | nd-37.16 | 2.93 | nd-29.55 | 3.31 | nd-21.81 | 2.74 | nd-34.47 | 1.85 | nd-33.74 | 2.93 | nd-29.96 | 2.02 | nd-20.92 | 1.02 | nd-37.16 | 2.37 |
cis-chlordane | nd-18.05 | 1.51 | nd-13.66 | 1.64 | nd-16.47 | 2.16 | nd-26.02 | 1.27 | nd-15.41 | 1.32 | nd-22.33 | 1.58 | nd-12.65 | 0.72 | nd-26.02 | 1.43 |
tran-chlordane | nd-19.14 | 1.42 | nd-16.42 | 1.67 | nd-5.33 | 0.58 | nd-8.59 | 0.58 | nd-18.22 | 1.61 | nd-7.70 | 0.44 | nd-8.23 | 0.30 | nd-19.14 | 0.94 |
heptachlor | nd-7.34 | 0.66 | nd-8.75 | 0.48 | nd-1.51 | 0.14 | nd-4.34 | 0.27 | nd-4.48 | 0.32 | nd-2.32 | 0.08 | nd-6.49 | 0.33 | nd-8.75 | 0.29 |
OCPs | ADI µg·kg−1·d−1 | Ave EDI µg·kg−1·d−1 | Ave THQ | Ave HI | Max EDI µg·kg−1·d−1 | Max THQ | Max HI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Children | HCHs | 5 | 0.022 | 0.0040 | 0.036 | 0.23 | 0.046 | 0.62 |
DDTs | 10 | 0.019 | 0.0020 | 0.29 | 0.029 | |||
Chlordan | 0.5 | 0.0080 | 0.016 | 0.12 | 0.25 | |||
heptachlor | 0.1 | 0.0010 | 0.010 | 0.029 | 0.29 | |||
Adults | HCHs | 5 | 0.029 | 0.0060 | 0.043 | 0.30 | 0.060 | 0.80 |
DDTs | 10 | 0.025 | 0.0030 | 0.38 | 0.038 | |||
Chlordan | 0.5 | 0.010 | 0.021 | 0.16 | 0.32 | |||
heptachlor | 0.1 | 0.0012 | 0.013 | 0.038 | 0.38 |
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Wang, N.; Cui, Z.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, J. Characteristics and Residual Health Risk of Organochlorine Pesticides in Fresh Vegetables in the Suburb of Changchun, Northeast China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912547
Wang N, Cui Z, Wang Y, Zhang J. Characteristics and Residual Health Risk of Organochlorine Pesticides in Fresh Vegetables in the Suburb of Changchun, Northeast China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912547
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Nan, Zhengwu Cui, Yang Wang, and Jingjing Zhang. 2022. "Characteristics and Residual Health Risk of Organochlorine Pesticides in Fresh Vegetables in the Suburb of Changchun, Northeast China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912547