The Effect of Enrichment Filling and Engagement Time on Regurgitation and Reingestion Behaviour in Three Zoo-Housed Orangutans
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Animals and Site
2.2. Eenrichment Program and Experimental Protocol
2.3. Behavioural Coding
2.4. Data Analysis
2.4.1. Analysis 1
2.4.2. Analysis 2
2.4.3. Analysis 3
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics for Regurgitation/Reingestion (R/R) Behaviour, Enrichment Engagement, and Eating Time
3.2. The Influence of Filling Type, Eating and Engagement Time on the Amount of R/R Behaviour Performed
3.3. The Influence of Filling Type on the Probability of R/R Occurrence
3.4. The Influence of Filling Type on the Amount of Engagement Time
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Enrichment Item | Treatment | Treatment Filling |
---|---|---|
Large boxes | SW | Popcorn, raisins, caraway seeds, and ginger |
SA | Popcorn, peanuts, Chinese five spice, and caraway seeds | |
Firehose boxes | SW | Popcorn, prunes, sesame seeds and mixed spice |
SA | Popcorn, peanuts, poppy seeds, and lemon pepper | |
Firehose with holes | SW | Jam and sesame seeds |
SA | Cooked lentils and fennel seeds | |
Clothing shapes and hose pipes | SW | Popcorn, chopped dates, cinnamon, rosemary, jam, and fennel seeds |
SA | Popcorn, peanuts, cinnamon, cooked lentils, and sesame seeds | |
Sonar tubes | SW | Popcorn, chopped apricot, fennel seeds, and peppermint essence |
SA | Popcorn, peanuts, mixed herbs, and poppy seeds | |
Large iceys | SW | Diluted juice and frozen strawberries |
SA | Choysa brown tea, lemons, and ground cloves | |
Sacks | SW | Popcorn, mixed spice, dates, and mixed seeds |
SA | Popcorn, peanuts, sesame seeds, and curry powder | |
Logs | SW | Cooked rice, stewed quince |
SA | Cooked rice, mixed vegetables, and soy sauce | |
Noodle pinecones | SW | Cooked vermicelli, and jam |
SA | Cooked vermicelli, and fresh chives |
Behaviour | Description |
---|---|
Regurgitation and reingestion | While sitting, the individual’s shoulders are hunched and heaving until vomitus material has been brought up which is then reingested. This behaviour may be very subtle, and for Melur this was often accompanied or preceded by shoulder slapping or face rubbing. |
Enrichment interaction/engagement | Individual is engaged with or touching the enrichment item but is not eating/foraging |
Eating/foraging enrichment interaction | Individual is eating food obtained from the enrichment item. |
Out of view | Individual is not in view of the camera or the behaviour being performed is not clear. |
Other | Individual is performing any other behaviour that is not included in the catalogue. |
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Nash, R.; Johnston, H.; Robbins, A.; Descovich, K. The Effect of Enrichment Filling and Engagement Time on Regurgitation and Reingestion Behaviour in Three Zoo-Housed Orangutans. J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2021, 2, 10-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg2010002
Nash R, Johnston H, Robbins A, Descovich K. The Effect of Enrichment Filling and Engagement Time on Regurgitation and Reingestion Behaviour in Three Zoo-Housed Orangutans. Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens. 2021; 2(1):10-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg2010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleNash, Rebecca, Helen Johnston, Amy Robbins, and Kris Descovich. 2021. "The Effect of Enrichment Filling and Engagement Time on Regurgitation and Reingestion Behaviour in Three Zoo-Housed Orangutans" Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 2, no. 1: 10-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg2010002