Due to the influence of climate change, the global vegetation phenology has undergone significant changes, but there are few studies on vegetation phenology change and its response to seasonal climate change for different vegetation zoning. Therefore, based on MODIS remote sensing normalized difference vegetation index data (MODIS NDVI:MOD13Q1), vegetation zoning map of China and interpolation data from 135 meteorological stations, this paper divided the Loess Plateau into five vegetation subzones, and used Sen's slope estimation, Hurst index and high-order partial correlation analysis to study vegetation phenology change and its response to seasonal climate in different vegetation zoning during 2001 to 2018 over the Loess Plateau. The results showed that:(1) The start of growing season (SOS) of vegetation in the Loess Plateau is mainly concentrated in the period 96-144 days. For different vegetation zones, the advance trend of vegetation phenology was gradually enhanced from northwest to southeast. The SOS is advanced by a rate of 0-2 d/10a over 71.0% of the pixels, and continued to show an advance trend in the future over 66% of the pixels. The end of growing season (EOS) mainly concentrated in the 288-304th day of autumn. The EOS in different vegetation zone was basically consistent. EOS was delayed by a rate of 0-3 d/10a over 76.5% of pixels, and continued to show a trend of postponing in the future over 80% of pixels. (2) The vegetation SOS of the Loess Plateau is mainly affected by the temperature of each season; the precipitation in the spring of that year leads to the advancement of the vegetation SOS, which is mainly distributed in the middle of the Loess Plateau; the increase of precipitation in the summer and autumn of the previous year will cause the vegetation SOS to be delayed; the temperature rise in spring of the same year, last autumn and early winter will lead to the advancement of vegetation SOS; the response of vegetation SOS in each sub-vegetation zone to precipitation in different seasons is different, and the response to temperature in different seasons is consistent. (3) The EOS of the vegetation in the Loess Plateau is mainly affected by the precipitation of each season and autumn temperature; the increase of precipitation in the different seasons will cause the delay of most vegetation EOS; the autumn temperature of that year caused the delay of the vegetation EOS of the whole area, and the vegetation EOS of each sub-vegetation area is affected. The temperature response in the fall of that year was consistent. This study can provide a new understanding of the influence factors of largescale vegetation phenology and provide reference for the adaptation of vegetation to future climate change.