I am Professor of Business Economics and studying the change and its determinant at individual, organizational, national and global level. Address: Department of Business Economics, University of Delhi , South Campus
The stellar performance of India's information technology sector has been acclaimed worldwide... more The stellar performance of India's information technology sector has been acclaimed worldwide. Although India's export success in IT is widely attributed to its human capital, it is not clear whether this has also been accompanied by industry-wide innovation. This paper explores the innovative behaviour of firms in the IT sector. Although substantial efforts have been made over the past 50 years by the government in implementing various policy measures, building institutions, and putting strong emphasis on higher education, there has been a systemic failure to promote the emergence of networks of innovation. This, in turn, has impeded the innovation performance of the IT industry. There is a need to direct policy to address this systemic failure and bring in industry-wide innovation.
The case of Tata Steel clearly shows that the government policy in a country affects the growth a... more The case of Tata Steel clearly shows that the government policy in a country affects the growth and performance of the business. Th e government policy is the most important factor of the overall business environment, which influences the other constituents of the environment. There are several factors which contribute to the business environment in a country: economic, competitive, technological, political and legal, social and cultural, and ecological. The companies which understand this and respond appropriately are successful and survive for a long time, while others struggle to survive. For instance, Hindustan Motors was enjoying the protected markets under the restrictive economic policy. As the government liberalized its policy and opened the automobile sector for global players, Hindustan Motors could not respond to the change and is struggling to survive (see Exhibit 2.1). As the business has become globalized, understanding the global environment becomes important for the ...
An entrepreneur has to take several decisions in order to establish enterprises. Such decisions c... more An entrepreneur has to take several decisions in order to establish enterprises. Such decisions can be defined in terms of the questions in the mind of an entrepreneur at the time of launching a new enterprise.<br><br>First, an entrepreneur needs to identify a business proposition — a business opportunity. Once he has identified the business idea, he is to implement that idea, which involves taking decision about the goal and objective of the establishing business, identifying the location for the business, choosing the legal form of ownership, the type of processes and technologies to manufacture goods or services, finances required, marketing of the products and choosing the type of organizational structure to be built.<br><br>In general, it involves creating a business plan that consists of all these aspects of business. Entrepreneurs should have some plan regarding the business model, which will help them to compete in the market effectively and succeed. Th e idea of first establishing and surviving in the market and later growing and getting bigger will keep on motivating and directing the efforts of the entrepreneurs. Most of the businesses first focus on the domestic markets. At present, we find a number of firms getting established to market its products and services for the foreign markets. Infosys is such an example. Initially, Narayana Murthy failed to set up his business as his business focused on the domestic market. Th e domestic market was not ready for the services offered by Murthy. In his new venture to start Infosys, he focused on the global market and he succeeded in his venture. Of course, his entrepreneurial journey was not very smooth initially. Generally, the challenges faced by most entrepreneurs are similar.
Every organization established with an objective needs managers to manage its activities. Organiz... more Every organization established with an objective needs managers to manage its activities. Organizations may vary in terms of their objectives that may be making profi ts through some business activities, or may have some altruistic objectives of providing education through public schools or running health care centres, or religious and other social activities. Whatever be the objectives and goals of an organization, they all share two things in common: All these organizations are made up of people, and certain individuals are to take the role of a manager to manage other people to get things done. Pawan Munjal of Hero Honda is part of the top management of the company and is responsible for almost all the activities of the company and also for its success. In addition, there are a large number of other managers operating at diff erent levels. In every organization, likewise, there are vice presidents and general managers operating at the top-level management; there are Managers oper...
The paper aims at investigating the factors determining the performance of an enterprise in a dev... more The paper aims at investigating the factors determining the performance of an enterprise in a developing economy, and also develops a model/frame-work in which they can be examined. A study of literature in the field of industrial economics, organization studies and strategic management reveals that a strategic choice made by an enterprise in terms of product-market domain and resource deployment is a key factor affecting its performance. The strategic choice in turn is influenced by four other factors, namely, environmental, organizational, past performance and ownership. It is further suggested that performance of an enterprise need to be examined using an evolutionary approach. Finally, an integrated framework of business performance is proposed. It is argued that though the developing economies are undergoing structural reform and moving towards market economy, the integrated business performance model is still relevant for the enterprises.
ERN: Other Organizations & Markets: Policies & Processes (Topic), 2019
Business process outsourcing (BPO) and its growth in India is a recent phenomenon. Genpact pionee... more Business process outsourcing (BPO) and its growth in India is a recent phenomenon. Genpact pioneered this industry in India, which was followed by number of other companies. BPO industry has emerged as entrepreneurial opportunity for number of entrepreneurs and has created a large number of employment opportunities in the country. Rural BPO is the new opportunity that is being used by many entrepreneurs.<br><br>In terms of services offered by the companies, there is upward evolution from BPO to knowledge process outsourcing (KPO).<br><br>Outsourcing as such is not a new concept in India. Since 1970s, public sector undertakings have been following the policy of outsourcing and subcontracting non-essential activities to small enterprises. This resulted in the emergence of a number of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), strengthening entrepreneurship and thereby leading to development of several regions in the country. However, the BPO has emerged as a separate...
Emphasizing the importance of people in an organization, management function, which is dealing wi... more Emphasizing the importance of people in an organization, management function, which is dealing with people, has evolved from ‘personnel management’ to ‘human resources management’, and then on to ‘talent management.’ The management of human resources has a strong link with the financial performance of a company. Two recent surveys, one by McKinsey and the other by Boston Consulting Group (BCG), have pointed out this. The studies have shown that in an increasingly globalized world the ‘people strategy’ is going to be the key differentiator. A recent issue of The McKinsey Quarterly in its report, ‘Why MNCs are struggling with local talent,’ has highlighted a strong link between the financial performance (measured by profit per employee) and talent management policies of top multinationals. Similarly, the BCG report titled ‘Creating people advantage’ has published findings from surveys covering 83 countries and markets, and has observed that sourcing talented employees globally is one ...
Distribution of products constitutes an important element of marketing mix of a firm. After the d... more Distribution of products constitutes an important element of marketing mix of a firm. After the development of the product, an entrepreneur has to decide channels or routes through which the product will flow from the factory to the potential customers. The entrepreneurs have a number of alternatives available to them. The entrepreneur may choose to distribute the product directly to customers without using any intermediaries. Alternatively, the entrepreneur may use one or more middlemen including wholesalers, selling agents and retailers. Big firms have their zonal or regional authorized agents or dealers spread throughout the country. The dealers, in turn, work with distributors and retailers. However, small firms cannot afford to have zonal offices but are devising their own ways of doing business. They also receive regular orders for goods.<br><br>It has been observed that many authorized dealers of known brands also stock other unknown or new brands of goods. They a...
An individual makes several decisions every day to do one thing and not to do others. Some decisi... more An individual makes several decisions every day to do one thing and not to do others. Some decisions are routine decisions, while others are strategic and have medium- to long-term implications. As we observe in the case of Paras Pharmaceutical, the decision made by Girish Patel has affected the entire organization because it changed ownership control of the company. Similarly, we observe the case of Tulsi Tanti of Suzlon, who is presently in a quandary with regard to options for his company, which is overburdened with heavy debt. He faces the threats of survival and loss of control of his company. He has to repay a heavy debt. He has to choose from options to retain control and overcome the debt burden of the company (see Exhibit 26.1). What Tulsi Tanti is expected to decide constitutes a strategic decision. Although everyone in an organization makes decisions, decision making at the managerial level is particularly important. It is part of all four managerial functions—planning, o...
GATS Article XXV on technical cooperation reaffirms the access of developing country services sup... more GATS Article XXV on technical cooperation reaffirms the access of developing country services suppliers to contact points to be established in developed countries (Article IV). It further states that technical assistance to developing countries shall be provided at the multilateral level by the competent Secretariat and shall be decided upon by the Council for Trade in Services. Apart from the secretariat, other multilateral organisations, such as the United Nations and the World Bank, could also be involved in providing such assistance.
GM cotton has been cultivated across various countries of the world. Being a technology innovatio... more GM cotton has been cultivated across various countries of the world. Being a technology innovation, it involved a tremendous effort on the part of marketers/technology promoters to get it adopted by the targeted customers. The study is based on primary survey conducted in northern India. Personal factors, which came out to be significantly related to adoption, were age and economic status of the farmer. The study also pinpoints toward the significance of word-of-mouth communication, which comes out as the most effective way for spreading awareness and initiating trial. Private seed shops turned out to be the significant sources for seed procurement.
All over the world economic activities are being increasingly organized by corporate entities, as... more All over the world economic activities are being increasingly organized by corporate entities, as governments are withdrawing from economic and welfare activities. Enterprises have become dominant players in all countries despite having variations in their institutional governance systems. The economic resources and technology owned and managed by these enterprises are massive. It is therefore expected that these enterprises should be encouraged and motivated to help mitigate the social and environmental problems of poverty, illiteracy, climate change, etc. By combining the creation of economic value and serving social needs, “shared value” is created. In comparison to corporate social responsibility programmes, shared values, as a concept, become an integral part of the successful corporate strategies of a large number of enterprises. This chapter aims to examine the role of Indian enterprises in creating shared values and meeting social responsibility in India. The chapter uses a content analysis technique to collect information from the latest annual reports, sustainability reports and business responsibility reports of selected companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange.
ABSTRACT Diversity in India gives rise to different challenges that can be met by offering divers... more ABSTRACT Diversity in India gives rise to different challenges that can be met by offering diverse solutions in terms of products, services and their delivery systems. Businesses are using this diversity to develop products, services and supply chains that leverage the diversity of talents and capabilities in a virtuous cycle of innovation. One of the key factors of an innovative society is the diversity of �� its capabilities and talents. India has plenty of that. All it requires is the harnessing of this asset with a clear vision and a missionary zeal. It is argued that solutions to India’s problems need to be developed indigenously keeping in mind the diversity and abundance of India’s resources, people’s aspiration levels and the ecological limitations of nature. Persistence of several economic and social problems needs to be examined and factored in. To be specific, there is a need to examine the linkages between the geographic, social and economic diversity of India and the socio-economic problems that the country is facing. In general, there is an argument that diversity leads to conflict. However, it is argued in this paper that there is a positive relationship between diversity and innovation, provided the governance systems recognize and support this linkage. The present paper therefore, proposes a framework linking diversity to innovation.
India is a multilinguial, multi-religious and multi-caste country and has been a dominant player ... more India is a multilinguial, multi-religious and multi-caste country and has been a dominant player in the world system and part of the global economy since the ages. Its civilisational past has been shaped and has evolved through a number of events, crisis, people and communities. It has not been an isolated country at any point of time as there has been a continuous exchange of ideas, products and people with other countries and civilisations. It therefore becomes essential to understand India in a global context to examine its problems and to seek solutions. There are two types of studies focusing on changes in society, its inter-linkages with others and global system: Civilization Studies and World System Analysis. The scholars in the Civilization Studies have focused on identifying the existence of different civilizations in different geographical areas in the ancient period. Some have devoted more attention to the interrelations and mutual influences among civilizations in terms of culture and ideology, and their rise and decline through several stages. World systems Analysts on the other hand have developed a perspective to examine issues of capitalism, development and world inequalities. The world economy is a system of interconnected national economies that bring together national financial power and states that struggle to move up the hierarchy of states in terms of power and wealth. Both these groups of studies have given insight to understand the existence and growth of countries in present forms. It therefore becomes imperative to look at the key findings of these studies to have better understanding of India’s socio-economic and environmental problems. This paper proposes that a good governance system can direct India’s diversity and socio-economic challenges to develop an innovative society. This paper attempts to examine the following questions: How has India evolved as a civilizational entity over a period of the last 2000 years? How has globalization influenced its evolution during last few centuries? What are the unifying factors of India in terms of culture, constitutions and social processes? What are the present and new challenges, which have emerge during last 60-70 years? How is India, despite its diversity, meeting and solving such challenges? In view of growing trend of globalization, are the unifying forces still relevant or not?
This paper develops a framework which suggests that the decision to diversify is influenced by fo... more This paper develops a framework which suggests that the decision to diversify is influenced by four factors, viz., environmental, organizational, performance, and ownership. These factors influence the deployment of resources over a period thereby creating ‘specific assets’ that, in turn, along with these factors will determine the extent of diversification. The environmental factors like the rate of industrial growth and the level of industry concentration encourage the use of the enterprise's specific assets. The organizational variables such as top management attitudes, size of enterprise, age, etc., will determine the extent to which an enterprise shall use the specific assets within environmental constraints. Past performance representing organizational slack will also motivate and constrain the management's willingness to undertake diversification because this will determine the availability of resources to be allocated and invested over a period. Using this framework,...
International Journal of Research in Commerce, Economics and Management, 2007
"ABSTRACT The number of women entrepreneurs is increasing all over the world but the rate of... more "ABSTRACT The number of women entrepreneurs is increasing all over the world but the rate of increase is not the same for all the countries. In some of the developed countries women entrepreneurship is growing at a very low rate on the other hand in some developing countries entrepreneurship amongst women is growing at a very fast rate. It is postulated that the disparity in growth of women entrepreneurs in various countries is due to the diversity in the perception of the social and economic milieu prevailing in the society. This paper attempts to explore the characteristics, motivation and challenges faced by the women Entrepreneurs. The paper also explores the factors that differentiate women entrepreneurs in developed countries from women entrepreneurs in developing countries."
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play a predominant role in most developed and developing econ... more Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play a predominant role in most developed and developing economies not only because of their number and variety but also on account of their involvement in all business activities in an economy. SMEs, as a major part of the private sector, comprise more than 90 per cent of all enterprises in the world and are, on an average, responsible for 80 to 90 per cent of the total employment.<br><br>In India, 95 per cent of the country’s industrial units come under micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). The role of MSMEs in the economic and social development of the country is well known. Small enterprises are the nursery for entrepreneurship, often driven by individual creativity and innovation, and make significant contribution in the country’s GDP, manufacturing output, exports, and employment generation.
Change is the only permanent thing in this world. Every organization needs to understand the chan... more Change is the only permanent thing in this world. Every organization needs to understand the changes taking place in the global economic, social and political environment to remain competitive. At the same time, these organizations need to manage their existing activities. It is therefore said that all business enterprises face two basic demands: First an enterprise must execute its current activities to survive today’s challenges, and second it must adapt those activities to survive the challenges of tomorrow. Since both execution of current activities and adaption require resources, managers face an unending competition for money, people and time to address the need to perform in the short run and the equally vital need to invest in the long run. Is it possible to address both the needs well or is there an inevitable trade-o! between executing and adapting? Foster and Kaplan 1 point out that only very small populations of companies have endured for a very long time; for example, o...
The stellar performance of India's information technology sector has been acclaimed worldwide... more The stellar performance of India's information technology sector has been acclaimed worldwide. Although India's export success in IT is widely attributed to its human capital, it is not clear whether this has also been accompanied by industry-wide innovation. This paper explores the innovative behaviour of firms in the IT sector. Although substantial efforts have been made over the past 50 years by the government in implementing various policy measures, building institutions, and putting strong emphasis on higher education, there has been a systemic failure to promote the emergence of networks of innovation. This, in turn, has impeded the innovation performance of the IT industry. There is a need to direct policy to address this systemic failure and bring in industry-wide innovation.
The case of Tata Steel clearly shows that the government policy in a country affects the growth a... more The case of Tata Steel clearly shows that the government policy in a country affects the growth and performance of the business. Th e government policy is the most important factor of the overall business environment, which influences the other constituents of the environment. There are several factors which contribute to the business environment in a country: economic, competitive, technological, political and legal, social and cultural, and ecological. The companies which understand this and respond appropriately are successful and survive for a long time, while others struggle to survive. For instance, Hindustan Motors was enjoying the protected markets under the restrictive economic policy. As the government liberalized its policy and opened the automobile sector for global players, Hindustan Motors could not respond to the change and is struggling to survive (see Exhibit 2.1). As the business has become globalized, understanding the global environment becomes important for the ...
An entrepreneur has to take several decisions in order to establish enterprises. Such decisions c... more An entrepreneur has to take several decisions in order to establish enterprises. Such decisions can be defined in terms of the questions in the mind of an entrepreneur at the time of launching a new enterprise.<br><br>First, an entrepreneur needs to identify a business proposition — a business opportunity. Once he has identified the business idea, he is to implement that idea, which involves taking decision about the goal and objective of the establishing business, identifying the location for the business, choosing the legal form of ownership, the type of processes and technologies to manufacture goods or services, finances required, marketing of the products and choosing the type of organizational structure to be built.<br><br>In general, it involves creating a business plan that consists of all these aspects of business. Entrepreneurs should have some plan regarding the business model, which will help them to compete in the market effectively and succeed. Th e idea of first establishing and surviving in the market and later growing and getting bigger will keep on motivating and directing the efforts of the entrepreneurs. Most of the businesses first focus on the domestic markets. At present, we find a number of firms getting established to market its products and services for the foreign markets. Infosys is such an example. Initially, Narayana Murthy failed to set up his business as his business focused on the domestic market. Th e domestic market was not ready for the services offered by Murthy. In his new venture to start Infosys, he focused on the global market and he succeeded in his venture. Of course, his entrepreneurial journey was not very smooth initially. Generally, the challenges faced by most entrepreneurs are similar.
Every organization established with an objective needs managers to manage its activities. Organiz... more Every organization established with an objective needs managers to manage its activities. Organizations may vary in terms of their objectives that may be making profi ts through some business activities, or may have some altruistic objectives of providing education through public schools or running health care centres, or religious and other social activities. Whatever be the objectives and goals of an organization, they all share two things in common: All these organizations are made up of people, and certain individuals are to take the role of a manager to manage other people to get things done. Pawan Munjal of Hero Honda is part of the top management of the company and is responsible for almost all the activities of the company and also for its success. In addition, there are a large number of other managers operating at diff erent levels. In every organization, likewise, there are vice presidents and general managers operating at the top-level management; there are Managers oper...
The paper aims at investigating the factors determining the performance of an enterprise in a dev... more The paper aims at investigating the factors determining the performance of an enterprise in a developing economy, and also develops a model/frame-work in which they can be examined. A study of literature in the field of industrial economics, organization studies and strategic management reveals that a strategic choice made by an enterprise in terms of product-market domain and resource deployment is a key factor affecting its performance. The strategic choice in turn is influenced by four other factors, namely, environmental, organizational, past performance and ownership. It is further suggested that performance of an enterprise need to be examined using an evolutionary approach. Finally, an integrated framework of business performance is proposed. It is argued that though the developing economies are undergoing structural reform and moving towards market economy, the integrated business performance model is still relevant for the enterprises.
ERN: Other Organizations & Markets: Policies & Processes (Topic), 2019
Business process outsourcing (BPO) and its growth in India is a recent phenomenon. Genpact pionee... more Business process outsourcing (BPO) and its growth in India is a recent phenomenon. Genpact pioneered this industry in India, which was followed by number of other companies. BPO industry has emerged as entrepreneurial opportunity for number of entrepreneurs and has created a large number of employment opportunities in the country. Rural BPO is the new opportunity that is being used by many entrepreneurs.<br><br>In terms of services offered by the companies, there is upward evolution from BPO to knowledge process outsourcing (KPO).<br><br>Outsourcing as such is not a new concept in India. Since 1970s, public sector undertakings have been following the policy of outsourcing and subcontracting non-essential activities to small enterprises. This resulted in the emergence of a number of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), strengthening entrepreneurship and thereby leading to development of several regions in the country. However, the BPO has emerged as a separate...
Emphasizing the importance of people in an organization, management function, which is dealing wi... more Emphasizing the importance of people in an organization, management function, which is dealing with people, has evolved from ‘personnel management’ to ‘human resources management’, and then on to ‘talent management.’ The management of human resources has a strong link with the financial performance of a company. Two recent surveys, one by McKinsey and the other by Boston Consulting Group (BCG), have pointed out this. The studies have shown that in an increasingly globalized world the ‘people strategy’ is going to be the key differentiator. A recent issue of The McKinsey Quarterly in its report, ‘Why MNCs are struggling with local talent,’ has highlighted a strong link between the financial performance (measured by profit per employee) and talent management policies of top multinationals. Similarly, the BCG report titled ‘Creating people advantage’ has published findings from surveys covering 83 countries and markets, and has observed that sourcing talented employees globally is one ...
Distribution of products constitutes an important element of marketing mix of a firm. After the d... more Distribution of products constitutes an important element of marketing mix of a firm. After the development of the product, an entrepreneur has to decide channels or routes through which the product will flow from the factory to the potential customers. The entrepreneurs have a number of alternatives available to them. The entrepreneur may choose to distribute the product directly to customers without using any intermediaries. Alternatively, the entrepreneur may use one or more middlemen including wholesalers, selling agents and retailers. Big firms have their zonal or regional authorized agents or dealers spread throughout the country. The dealers, in turn, work with distributors and retailers. However, small firms cannot afford to have zonal offices but are devising their own ways of doing business. They also receive regular orders for goods.<br><br>It has been observed that many authorized dealers of known brands also stock other unknown or new brands of goods. They a...
An individual makes several decisions every day to do one thing and not to do others. Some decisi... more An individual makes several decisions every day to do one thing and not to do others. Some decisions are routine decisions, while others are strategic and have medium- to long-term implications. As we observe in the case of Paras Pharmaceutical, the decision made by Girish Patel has affected the entire organization because it changed ownership control of the company. Similarly, we observe the case of Tulsi Tanti of Suzlon, who is presently in a quandary with regard to options for his company, which is overburdened with heavy debt. He faces the threats of survival and loss of control of his company. He has to repay a heavy debt. He has to choose from options to retain control and overcome the debt burden of the company (see Exhibit 26.1). What Tulsi Tanti is expected to decide constitutes a strategic decision. Although everyone in an organization makes decisions, decision making at the managerial level is particularly important. It is part of all four managerial functions—planning, o...
GATS Article XXV on technical cooperation reaffirms the access of developing country services sup... more GATS Article XXV on technical cooperation reaffirms the access of developing country services suppliers to contact points to be established in developed countries (Article IV). It further states that technical assistance to developing countries shall be provided at the multilateral level by the competent Secretariat and shall be decided upon by the Council for Trade in Services. Apart from the secretariat, other multilateral organisations, such as the United Nations and the World Bank, could also be involved in providing such assistance.
GM cotton has been cultivated across various countries of the world. Being a technology innovatio... more GM cotton has been cultivated across various countries of the world. Being a technology innovation, it involved a tremendous effort on the part of marketers/technology promoters to get it adopted by the targeted customers. The study is based on primary survey conducted in northern India. Personal factors, which came out to be significantly related to adoption, were age and economic status of the farmer. The study also pinpoints toward the significance of word-of-mouth communication, which comes out as the most effective way for spreading awareness and initiating trial. Private seed shops turned out to be the significant sources for seed procurement.
All over the world economic activities are being increasingly organized by corporate entities, as... more All over the world economic activities are being increasingly organized by corporate entities, as governments are withdrawing from economic and welfare activities. Enterprises have become dominant players in all countries despite having variations in their institutional governance systems. The economic resources and technology owned and managed by these enterprises are massive. It is therefore expected that these enterprises should be encouraged and motivated to help mitigate the social and environmental problems of poverty, illiteracy, climate change, etc. By combining the creation of economic value and serving social needs, “shared value” is created. In comparison to corporate social responsibility programmes, shared values, as a concept, become an integral part of the successful corporate strategies of a large number of enterprises. This chapter aims to examine the role of Indian enterprises in creating shared values and meeting social responsibility in India. The chapter uses a content analysis technique to collect information from the latest annual reports, sustainability reports and business responsibility reports of selected companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange.
ABSTRACT Diversity in India gives rise to different challenges that can be met by offering divers... more ABSTRACT Diversity in India gives rise to different challenges that can be met by offering diverse solutions in terms of products, services and their delivery systems. Businesses are using this diversity to develop products, services and supply chains that leverage the diversity of talents and capabilities in a virtuous cycle of innovation. One of the key factors of an innovative society is the diversity of �� its capabilities and talents. India has plenty of that. All it requires is the harnessing of this asset with a clear vision and a missionary zeal. It is argued that solutions to India’s problems need to be developed indigenously keeping in mind the diversity and abundance of India’s resources, people’s aspiration levels and the ecological limitations of nature. Persistence of several economic and social problems needs to be examined and factored in. To be specific, there is a need to examine the linkages between the geographic, social and economic diversity of India and the socio-economic problems that the country is facing. In general, there is an argument that diversity leads to conflict. However, it is argued in this paper that there is a positive relationship between diversity and innovation, provided the governance systems recognize and support this linkage. The present paper therefore, proposes a framework linking diversity to innovation.
India is a multilinguial, multi-religious and multi-caste country and has been a dominant player ... more India is a multilinguial, multi-religious and multi-caste country and has been a dominant player in the world system and part of the global economy since the ages. Its civilisational past has been shaped and has evolved through a number of events, crisis, people and communities. It has not been an isolated country at any point of time as there has been a continuous exchange of ideas, products and people with other countries and civilisations. It therefore becomes essential to understand India in a global context to examine its problems and to seek solutions. There are two types of studies focusing on changes in society, its inter-linkages with others and global system: Civilization Studies and World System Analysis. The scholars in the Civilization Studies have focused on identifying the existence of different civilizations in different geographical areas in the ancient period. Some have devoted more attention to the interrelations and mutual influences among civilizations in terms of culture and ideology, and their rise and decline through several stages. World systems Analysts on the other hand have developed a perspective to examine issues of capitalism, development and world inequalities. The world economy is a system of interconnected national economies that bring together national financial power and states that struggle to move up the hierarchy of states in terms of power and wealth. Both these groups of studies have given insight to understand the existence and growth of countries in present forms. It therefore becomes imperative to look at the key findings of these studies to have better understanding of India’s socio-economic and environmental problems. This paper proposes that a good governance system can direct India’s diversity and socio-economic challenges to develop an innovative society. This paper attempts to examine the following questions: How has India evolved as a civilizational entity over a period of the last 2000 years? How has globalization influenced its evolution during last few centuries? What are the unifying factors of India in terms of culture, constitutions and social processes? What are the present and new challenges, which have emerge during last 60-70 years? How is India, despite its diversity, meeting and solving such challenges? In view of growing trend of globalization, are the unifying forces still relevant or not?
This paper develops a framework which suggests that the decision to diversify is influenced by fo... more This paper develops a framework which suggests that the decision to diversify is influenced by four factors, viz., environmental, organizational, performance, and ownership. These factors influence the deployment of resources over a period thereby creating ‘specific assets’ that, in turn, along with these factors will determine the extent of diversification. The environmental factors like the rate of industrial growth and the level of industry concentration encourage the use of the enterprise's specific assets. The organizational variables such as top management attitudes, size of enterprise, age, etc., will determine the extent to which an enterprise shall use the specific assets within environmental constraints. Past performance representing organizational slack will also motivate and constrain the management's willingness to undertake diversification because this will determine the availability of resources to be allocated and invested over a period. Using this framework,...
International Journal of Research in Commerce, Economics and Management, 2007
"ABSTRACT The number of women entrepreneurs is increasing all over the world but the rate of... more "ABSTRACT The number of women entrepreneurs is increasing all over the world but the rate of increase is not the same for all the countries. In some of the developed countries women entrepreneurship is growing at a very low rate on the other hand in some developing countries entrepreneurship amongst women is growing at a very fast rate. It is postulated that the disparity in growth of women entrepreneurs in various countries is due to the diversity in the perception of the social and economic milieu prevailing in the society. This paper attempts to explore the characteristics, motivation and challenges faced by the women Entrepreneurs. The paper also explores the factors that differentiate women entrepreneurs in developed countries from women entrepreneurs in developing countries."
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play a predominant role in most developed and developing econ... more Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play a predominant role in most developed and developing economies not only because of their number and variety but also on account of their involvement in all business activities in an economy. SMEs, as a major part of the private sector, comprise more than 90 per cent of all enterprises in the world and are, on an average, responsible for 80 to 90 per cent of the total employment.<br><br>In India, 95 per cent of the country’s industrial units come under micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). The role of MSMEs in the economic and social development of the country is well known. Small enterprises are the nursery for entrepreneurship, often driven by individual creativity and innovation, and make significant contribution in the country’s GDP, manufacturing output, exports, and employment generation.
Change is the only permanent thing in this world. Every organization needs to understand the chan... more Change is the only permanent thing in this world. Every organization needs to understand the changes taking place in the global economic, social and political environment to remain competitive. At the same time, these organizations need to manage their existing activities. It is therefore said that all business enterprises face two basic demands: First an enterprise must execute its current activities to survive today’s challenges, and second it must adapt those activities to survive the challenges of tomorrow. Since both execution of current activities and adaption require resources, managers face an unending competition for money, people and time to address the need to perform in the short run and the equally vital need to invest in the long run. Is it possible to address both the needs well or is there an inevitable trade-o! between executing and adapting? Foster and Kaplan 1 point out that only very small populations of companies have endured for a very long time; for example, o...
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Papers by Vijay Kumar Kaul