Jackson Ewing holds a joint appointment as a senior fellow at Duke University's Nicholas Institute of Environmental Policy Solutions and an adjunct associate professor at the Sanford School of Public Policy. He works closely with the Duke Kunshan University Environmental Research Center and International Masters of Environmental Policy programs to build policy research collaboration across Duke platforms in the United States and China.
Prior to joining Duke, Ewing was director of Asian Sustainability at the Asia Society Policy Institute in New York, where he led projects on Asian carbon market cooperation and sustainable resource development in the ASEAN Economic Community. He previously served as a MacArthur Fellow and head of the Environment, Climate Change and Food Security Program at Singapore’s S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, and has worked throughout Asia with actors in government, the private sector, civil society, and international organizations.
Ewing publishes widely through a range of mediums and is a regular contributor to radio, television and print media. He holds a doctorate in environmental security and master's degree in international relations from Australia’s Bond University, and a bachelor’s degree in political science from the College of Charleston.
RECENT COMMENTS by the Prince of Wales at Georgetown University on food security have reignited a... more RECENT COMMENTS by the Prince of Wales at Georgetown University on food security have reignited a contentious debate: does sustainable food production require modern technology and inputs that affect the environment? It is important and timely to frame this debate against the backdrop of two recent announcements. The first was the Asian Development Bank’s claim that more people will be driven into poverty because of spiralling food prices. The second was the United Nations’ assertion that the world’s population may exceed the nine billion projected by 2050 or even exceed 10 billion.
Environmentally-related migration is often cited as one of the human consequences of environmenta... more Environmentally-related migration is often cited as one of the human consequences of environmental stress, especially in the context of climate change. Nonetheless, there is a lack of effective and appropriate governance strategies that address the issue due to the complex and multicausal character of environmentally-related migration and the tendency to discuss the issue through security-based discourses that favor alarmist narratives. This paper suggests alternative approaches in responding to environmentally-related migration that seek to avoid these pitfalls. Through the case of Bangladesh, this paper illustrates the need to form cross-sectoral governance policies that avoid oversimplifying environmentally-related migration. Specifically, the paper highlights the limits and dangers of the security-based framework to environmentally-related migration and calls for policy coordination as a potential pathway forward.
Climate change is creating an investment challenge. Although overhauling traditional energy syste... more Climate change is creating an investment challenge. Although overhauling traditional energy systems, curtailing harmful industry practices, and scaling emerging technology can make economic sense, they often mean steep front-loaded costs. The United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are crafted to accelerate the flow of climate finance to developing countries, but, on the surface, it is unclear what new value they bring.
China’s growth has increased its strategic influence and brought hundreds of millions of its citi... more China’s growth has increased its strategic influence and brought hundreds of millions of its citizens out of poverty. It has also wrought wealth gaps, economic bloat, graft and inefficiency, and pronounced pollution. China seeks future development alongside cleaner environments, narrower income disparities, and a greater emphasis on high-value segments of the global economy. It is launching an emissions trading scheme (ETS) in late 2017 not just to address climate change, but also as a tool to help usher in this new era.
The epicenter of global emissions trading is moving east. The most vital measures for addressing ... more The epicenter of global emissions trading is moving east. The most vital measures for addressing global climate change are to help large, developing nations industrialize without runaway greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and to bring the capital and capacities of wealthy countries and firms to bear effectively. Emissions trading systems (ETSs) in the Asia-Pacific can do both. Their domestic effectiveness and regional connectivity will define the next generation of emissions trading, and help shape future international climate change mitigation policies and resource flows.
Published in the International Emissions Trading Association’s second edition of the IETA Insights, "The Asian Carbon Century" by Jackson Ewing, Director of Asian Sustainability at the Asia Society Policy Institute, offers thoughts on the carbon market developments and prospects for integration in Asia. Dr. Ewing argues that the most impactful carbon market developments are now occurring in the Asia-Pacific with Northeast Asian countries at the forefront. He emphasizes that while Asian countries are currently focused on domestic progress, there are promising signs of regional interest and formative phases need to yield markets that are flexible and “linkage ready” if the benefits of market connectivity are to take shape.
China, Japan and South Korea, which collectively account for more than 25 percent of global green... more China, Japan and South Korea, which collectively account for more than 25 percent of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, have the opportunity to take a leadership role in the global climate change arena by pursuing a collaborative mitigation strategy that links their various carbon markets.
Such a move would enhance the economic and environmental viability of their various carbon markets in nuanced ways, feeding into international processes while avoiding being constrained by them. It would chart a regional path that speaks to unique Northeast Asian circumstances, while contributing to international climate change responses.
THE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGE REQUIRES MAJOR REDUCTIONS IN GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) emissions i... more THE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGE REQUIRES MAJOR REDUCTIONS IN GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) emissions in major economies around the world. Few regions are as critical for this task as Northeast Asia, where China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea account for more than one-fifth of the global economy and over a quarter of global emissions. They have pledged to curtail these emissions and are using carbon markets as tools for doing so. These markets incentivize emitters to emit only what they are allowed and compel them to buy “allowances” for emitting beyond their limit. They create tradeable units, in which emitters falling below their limits sell permits to those that exceed them. When effective, carbon markets provide flexible options for lowering emissions at reduced costs. This report contends that China, Japan, and Korea should work cooperatively to link these domestic markets to make them more economically efficient, environmentally impactful, and strategically valuable.
The report proceeds across four primary issue areas: (1) carbon markets’ place in evolving international responses to climate change; (2) the ways carbon markets can link across political jurisdictions; (3) how China, Japan, and Korea could benefit from linking markets; and (4) the specific steps these countries might take to realize market linkage. It draws from prevailing literature, as well as the findings of the High Level Roundtable, “Toward a Northeast Asian Carbon Market,” convened by the Asia Society Policy Institute (ASPI) and World Bank Group on the sidelines of the 2016 global Carbon Expo.
Singapore has depended on water imports from neighbouring catchments in Johor, Malaysia since its... more Singapore has depended on water imports from neighbouring catchments in Johor, Malaysia since its founding. Despite long-standing cooperation, economic, environmental, and political forces are destabilizing cross-strait water flows. Johor has historically been water-abundant, but increased water consumption from economic development and population growth in combination with water stresses from drought and pollution have reduced its dry season water catchments. Johor has taken recent far-reaching measures including requesting additional water supply from Singapore, rationing supply to residential and commercial users, and requesting RM660 million in federal support for construction of a new dam at Sungai Ulu Sedili, and there appears to be bilateral support for continuing the Singapore-Malaysia water trade. However, water stress in Johor risks undermining the bedrock of the relationship, and creates the need for redoubled regulatory diligence and clear-minded diplomacy by authorities in Johor, Singapore, and Kuala Lumpur.
At a time when complex strategic challenges define much of their bilateral agenda, climate cooper... more At a time when complex strategic challenges define much of their bilateral agenda, climate cooperation has become a vital aspect of the Sino-American relationship. This trend, which reverses longstanding friction between the two countries on the issue, is not just important for China and the U.S. It has also energized the global fight against climate change.
China, Japan, and South Korea are understandably currently fixated on developing their fledgling ... more China, Japan, and South Korea are understandably currently fixated on developing their fledgling domestic markets. However, these formative phases must yield markets that are flexible and, in the words of one regional official, “linkage ready” if the benefits of market connectivity are to take shape. Recent roundtable discussions by international thought leaders and regional actors on the sidelines of the global Carbon Expo are a positive start. The time is now for China, Japan, and South Korea to further develop robust dialogue on their respective market developments, pilot market linkages in select sectors and among cities, provinces, and prefectures, and establish a roadmap to future market connections at the national level. Doing so now would pay future dividends greater than the sum of their parts.
The Trump presidency has ended this relatively brief period of national climate cooperation betwe... more The Trump presidency has ended this relatively brief period of national climate cooperation between the world’s two largest emitters. U.S. President Donald Trump has removed any mention of climate change from the executive branch agenda, and has moved to dismantle the U.S. Clean Power Plan (CPP), open up federal lands to fossil fuel exploration, reduce vehicle emissions standards, and broadly defund and de-emphasize environmental regulation and enforcement. Whether or not he attempts to withdraw from the Paris Agreement, which is not a straightforward process, Trump is already disregarding the American commitments detailed in the pact.
Rather than sending the United States and China back to their adversarial positions of the past, Trump’s moves have taken climate change off the bilateral agenda completely. This eliminates a valuable mutual confidence-building measure and sets back global climate change efforts significantly.
In this context, climate change hopefuls can take solace in three countervailing trends.
The earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear meltdown in Fukushima, Japan in 2011, a disaster that claime... more The earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear meltdown in Fukushima, Japan in 2011, a disaster that claimed over 15,000 lives, forced the country to reassess its longstanding reliance on nuclear energy. As Japan grapples with its post-Fukushima reality — and the ongoing challenge of combating climate change — it has increasingly turned to renewable energy. But can these sources make up for the country's energy shortfall? What might Japan's energy sector look like decades into the future?
RECENT COMMENTS by the Prince of Wales at Georgetown University on food security have reignited a... more RECENT COMMENTS by the Prince of Wales at Georgetown University on food security have reignited a contentious debate: does sustainable food production require modern technology and inputs that affect the environment? It is important and timely to frame this debate against the backdrop of two recent announcements. The first was the Asian Development Bank’s claim that more people will be driven into poverty because of spiralling food prices. The second was the United Nations’ assertion that the world’s population may exceed the nine billion projected by 2050 or even exceed 10 billion.
Environmentally-related migration is often cited as one of the human consequences of environmenta... more Environmentally-related migration is often cited as one of the human consequences of environmental stress, especially in the context of climate change. Nonetheless, there is a lack of effective and appropriate governance strategies that address the issue due to the complex and multicausal character of environmentally-related migration and the tendency to discuss the issue through security-based discourses that favor alarmist narratives. This paper suggests alternative approaches in responding to environmentally-related migration that seek to avoid these pitfalls. Through the case of Bangladesh, this paper illustrates the need to form cross-sectoral governance policies that avoid oversimplifying environmentally-related migration. Specifically, the paper highlights the limits and dangers of the security-based framework to environmentally-related migration and calls for policy coordination as a potential pathway forward.
Climate change is creating an investment challenge. Although overhauling traditional energy syste... more Climate change is creating an investment challenge. Although overhauling traditional energy systems, curtailing harmful industry practices, and scaling emerging technology can make economic sense, they often mean steep front-loaded costs. The United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are crafted to accelerate the flow of climate finance to developing countries, but, on the surface, it is unclear what new value they bring.
China’s growth has increased its strategic influence and brought hundreds of millions of its citi... more China’s growth has increased its strategic influence and brought hundreds of millions of its citizens out of poverty. It has also wrought wealth gaps, economic bloat, graft and inefficiency, and pronounced pollution. China seeks future development alongside cleaner environments, narrower income disparities, and a greater emphasis on high-value segments of the global economy. It is launching an emissions trading scheme (ETS) in late 2017 not just to address climate change, but also as a tool to help usher in this new era.
The epicenter of global emissions trading is moving east. The most vital measures for addressing ... more The epicenter of global emissions trading is moving east. The most vital measures for addressing global climate change are to help large, developing nations industrialize without runaway greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and to bring the capital and capacities of wealthy countries and firms to bear effectively. Emissions trading systems (ETSs) in the Asia-Pacific can do both. Their domestic effectiveness and regional connectivity will define the next generation of emissions trading, and help shape future international climate change mitigation policies and resource flows.
Published in the International Emissions Trading Association’s second edition of the IETA Insights, "The Asian Carbon Century" by Jackson Ewing, Director of Asian Sustainability at the Asia Society Policy Institute, offers thoughts on the carbon market developments and prospects for integration in Asia. Dr. Ewing argues that the most impactful carbon market developments are now occurring in the Asia-Pacific with Northeast Asian countries at the forefront. He emphasizes that while Asian countries are currently focused on domestic progress, there are promising signs of regional interest and formative phases need to yield markets that are flexible and “linkage ready” if the benefits of market connectivity are to take shape.
China, Japan and South Korea, which collectively account for more than 25 percent of global green... more China, Japan and South Korea, which collectively account for more than 25 percent of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, have the opportunity to take a leadership role in the global climate change arena by pursuing a collaborative mitigation strategy that links their various carbon markets.
Such a move would enhance the economic and environmental viability of their various carbon markets in nuanced ways, feeding into international processes while avoiding being constrained by them. It would chart a regional path that speaks to unique Northeast Asian circumstances, while contributing to international climate change responses.
THE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGE REQUIRES MAJOR REDUCTIONS IN GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) emissions i... more THE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGE REQUIRES MAJOR REDUCTIONS IN GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) emissions in major economies around the world. Few regions are as critical for this task as Northeast Asia, where China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea account for more than one-fifth of the global economy and over a quarter of global emissions. They have pledged to curtail these emissions and are using carbon markets as tools for doing so. These markets incentivize emitters to emit only what they are allowed and compel them to buy “allowances” for emitting beyond their limit. They create tradeable units, in which emitters falling below their limits sell permits to those that exceed them. When effective, carbon markets provide flexible options for lowering emissions at reduced costs. This report contends that China, Japan, and Korea should work cooperatively to link these domestic markets to make them more economically efficient, environmentally impactful, and strategically valuable.
The report proceeds across four primary issue areas: (1) carbon markets’ place in evolving international responses to climate change; (2) the ways carbon markets can link across political jurisdictions; (3) how China, Japan, and Korea could benefit from linking markets; and (4) the specific steps these countries might take to realize market linkage. It draws from prevailing literature, as well as the findings of the High Level Roundtable, “Toward a Northeast Asian Carbon Market,” convened by the Asia Society Policy Institute (ASPI) and World Bank Group on the sidelines of the 2016 global Carbon Expo.
Singapore has depended on water imports from neighbouring catchments in Johor, Malaysia since its... more Singapore has depended on water imports from neighbouring catchments in Johor, Malaysia since its founding. Despite long-standing cooperation, economic, environmental, and political forces are destabilizing cross-strait water flows. Johor has historically been water-abundant, but increased water consumption from economic development and population growth in combination with water stresses from drought and pollution have reduced its dry season water catchments. Johor has taken recent far-reaching measures including requesting additional water supply from Singapore, rationing supply to residential and commercial users, and requesting RM660 million in federal support for construction of a new dam at Sungai Ulu Sedili, and there appears to be bilateral support for continuing the Singapore-Malaysia water trade. However, water stress in Johor risks undermining the bedrock of the relationship, and creates the need for redoubled regulatory diligence and clear-minded diplomacy by authorities in Johor, Singapore, and Kuala Lumpur.
At a time when complex strategic challenges define much of their bilateral agenda, climate cooper... more At a time when complex strategic challenges define much of their bilateral agenda, climate cooperation has become a vital aspect of the Sino-American relationship. This trend, which reverses longstanding friction between the two countries on the issue, is not just important for China and the U.S. It has also energized the global fight against climate change.
China, Japan, and South Korea are understandably currently fixated on developing their fledgling ... more China, Japan, and South Korea are understandably currently fixated on developing their fledgling domestic markets. However, these formative phases must yield markets that are flexible and, in the words of one regional official, “linkage ready” if the benefits of market connectivity are to take shape. Recent roundtable discussions by international thought leaders and regional actors on the sidelines of the global Carbon Expo are a positive start. The time is now for China, Japan, and South Korea to further develop robust dialogue on their respective market developments, pilot market linkages in select sectors and among cities, provinces, and prefectures, and establish a roadmap to future market connections at the national level. Doing so now would pay future dividends greater than the sum of their parts.
The Trump presidency has ended this relatively brief period of national climate cooperation betwe... more The Trump presidency has ended this relatively brief period of national climate cooperation between the world’s two largest emitters. U.S. President Donald Trump has removed any mention of climate change from the executive branch agenda, and has moved to dismantle the U.S. Clean Power Plan (CPP), open up federal lands to fossil fuel exploration, reduce vehicle emissions standards, and broadly defund and de-emphasize environmental regulation and enforcement. Whether or not he attempts to withdraw from the Paris Agreement, which is not a straightforward process, Trump is already disregarding the American commitments detailed in the pact.
Rather than sending the United States and China back to their adversarial positions of the past, Trump’s moves have taken climate change off the bilateral agenda completely. This eliminates a valuable mutual confidence-building measure and sets back global climate change efforts significantly.
In this context, climate change hopefuls can take solace in three countervailing trends.
The earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear meltdown in Fukushima, Japan in 2011, a disaster that claime... more The earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear meltdown in Fukushima, Japan in 2011, a disaster that claimed over 15,000 lives, forced the country to reassess its longstanding reliance on nuclear energy. As Japan grapples with its post-Fukushima reality — and the ongoing challenge of combating climate change — it has increasingly turned to renewable energy. But can these sources make up for the country's energy shortfall? What might Japan's energy sector look like decades into the future?
With the adverse effects of climate change ever more evident, it has become imperative to examine... more With the adverse effects of climate change ever more evident, it has become imperative to examine the role of energy technology in mitigating those effects. A model for cutting-edge technology innovation, Japan has made significant inroads to remake its energy systems and accelerate its renewable energy efforts as a viable solution for this global challenge.
As global environmental and energy concerns magnify, how can Japan tap into its historically innovative and efficient mindset to meet its goals for a cleaner Earth by 2050? What can Japan learn from Europe, a continent well-established in wind energy, in order to harness the full potential of offshore wind as a possible sustainable solution? What can the rest of the world learn from Japan? How can Japan reinvent solar power to boost its efficiency? And, of course, what does this all mean for the future of nuclear power in Japan? If it should remain a large part of the country’s energy supply, how can it be made safer?
Asia Society New York is proud to present "Japan Rebooted: Climate Change and Energy Innovation", a program that will bring together distinguished experts and policymakers for in-depth analysis, a look at best practices, and to get the latest intelligence on the role of Japanese energy technology in addressing climate change.
I discuss some of the dynamics in Paris that led to the outcome of the 2015 UN climate summit, an... more I discuss some of the dynamics in Paris that led to the outcome of the 2015 UN climate summit, and discuss these issues with the webinar audience.
China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea are emerging as major players in the global carbon tradin... more China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea are emerging as major players in the global carbon trading landscape. As Northeast Asia’s biggest industrial economies, these three countries are connected through deep commercial and trade ties, and shared environmental challenges. There are thus growing calls for these markets to leverage complementarities and manage differences to build a foundation for more extensive carbon market cooperation.
Against this backdrop, a new Asia Society Policy Institute (ASPI) report, Carbon Market Cooperation in Northeast Asia: Assessing Challenges and Overcoming Barriers— which is part of ASPI’s Toward a Northeast Asia Carbon Market initiative — draws on the expertise of a wide range of scholars and practitioners to help equip policymakers and other stakeholders with information and guidance on the potential of and pathway toward carbon market linkage in Northeast Asia.
This volume, released in June 2018, includes 11 chapters that examine the challenges of and approaches to carbon market cooperation and linkage in Northeast Asia. The report begins with four chapters focused on the status of carbon markets in the region, with examinations of how legal and institutional frameworks can facilitate the varying national and local measures employed to strengthen links and yield dividends. Chapters five through seven describe the barriers to linkage, and the uneven impacts — whether positive or negative — of linkage across the region, and also identify opportunities to pursue other forms of non-traditional linkage pathways. The remainder of the volume is organized around the particularities of emissions trading system policies and goals in China and Japan, with the final chapter making the case for the importance of business sector involvement in linkage efforts.
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Papers by Jackson Ewing
Published in the International Emissions Trading Association’s second edition of the IETA Insights, "The Asian Carbon Century" by Jackson Ewing, Director of Asian Sustainability at the Asia Society Policy Institute, offers thoughts on the carbon market developments and prospects for integration in Asia. Dr. Ewing argues that the most impactful carbon market developments are now occurring in the Asia-Pacific with Northeast Asian countries at the forefront. He emphasizes that while Asian countries are currently focused on domestic progress, there are promising signs of regional interest and formative phases need to yield markets that are flexible and “linkage ready” if the benefits of market connectivity are to take shape.
Such a move would enhance the economic and environmental viability of their various carbon markets in nuanced ways, feeding into international processes while avoiding being constrained by them. It would chart a regional path that speaks to unique Northeast Asian circumstances, while contributing to international climate change responses.
The report proceeds across four primary issue areas:
(1) carbon markets’ place in evolving international responses to climate change; (2) the ways carbon markets can link across political jurisdictions; (3) how China, Japan, and Korea could benefit from linking markets; and (4) the specific steps these countries might take to realize market linkage. It draws from prevailing literature, as well as the findings of the High Level Roundtable, “Toward a Northeast Asian Carbon Market,” convened by the Asia Society Policy Institute (ASPI) and World Bank Group on the sidelines of the 2016 global Carbon Expo.
Rather than sending the United States and China back to their adversarial positions of the past, Trump’s moves have taken climate change off the bilateral agenda completely. This eliminates a valuable mutual confidence-building measure and sets back global climate change efforts significantly.
In this context, climate change hopefuls can take solace in three countervailing trends.
Published in the International Emissions Trading Association’s second edition of the IETA Insights, "The Asian Carbon Century" by Jackson Ewing, Director of Asian Sustainability at the Asia Society Policy Institute, offers thoughts on the carbon market developments and prospects for integration in Asia. Dr. Ewing argues that the most impactful carbon market developments are now occurring in the Asia-Pacific with Northeast Asian countries at the forefront. He emphasizes that while Asian countries are currently focused on domestic progress, there are promising signs of regional interest and formative phases need to yield markets that are flexible and “linkage ready” if the benefits of market connectivity are to take shape.
Such a move would enhance the economic and environmental viability of their various carbon markets in nuanced ways, feeding into international processes while avoiding being constrained by them. It would chart a regional path that speaks to unique Northeast Asian circumstances, while contributing to international climate change responses.
The report proceeds across four primary issue areas:
(1) carbon markets’ place in evolving international responses to climate change; (2) the ways carbon markets can link across political jurisdictions; (3) how China, Japan, and Korea could benefit from linking markets; and (4) the specific steps these countries might take to realize market linkage. It draws from prevailing literature, as well as the findings of the High Level Roundtable, “Toward a Northeast Asian Carbon Market,” convened by the Asia Society Policy Institute (ASPI) and World Bank Group on the sidelines of the 2016 global Carbon Expo.
Rather than sending the United States and China back to their adversarial positions of the past, Trump’s moves have taken climate change off the bilateral agenda completely. This eliminates a valuable mutual confidence-building measure and sets back global climate change efforts significantly.
In this context, climate change hopefuls can take solace in three countervailing trends.
As global environmental and energy concerns magnify, how can Japan tap into its historically innovative and efficient mindset to meet its goals for a cleaner Earth by 2050? What can Japan learn from Europe, a continent well-established in wind energy, in order to harness the full potential of offshore wind as a possible sustainable solution? What can the rest of the world learn from Japan? How can Japan reinvent solar power to boost its efficiency? And, of course, what does this all mean for the future of nuclear power in Japan? If it should remain a large part of the country’s energy supply, how can it be made safer?
Asia Society New York is proud to present "Japan Rebooted: Climate Change and Energy Innovation", a program that will bring together distinguished experts and policymakers for in-depth analysis, a look at best practices, and to get the latest intelligence on the role of Japanese energy technology in addressing climate change.
Against this backdrop, a new Asia Society Policy Institute (ASPI) report, Carbon Market Cooperation in Northeast Asia: Assessing Challenges and Overcoming Barriers— which is part of ASPI’s Toward a Northeast Asia Carbon Market initiative — draws on the expertise of a wide range of scholars and practitioners to help equip policymakers and other stakeholders with information and guidance on the potential of and pathway toward carbon market linkage in Northeast Asia.
This volume, released in June 2018, includes 11 chapters that examine the challenges of and approaches to carbon market cooperation and linkage in Northeast Asia. The report begins with four chapters focused on the status of carbon markets in the region, with examinations of how legal and institutional frameworks can facilitate the varying national and local measures employed to strengthen links and yield dividends. Chapters five through seven describe the barriers to linkage, and the uneven impacts — whether positive or negative — of linkage across the region, and also identify opportunities to pursue other forms of non-traditional linkage pathways. The remainder of the volume is organized around the particularities of emissions trading system policies and goals in China and Japan, with the final chapter making the case for the importance of business sector involvement in linkage efforts.