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Phreatophytes under stress: transpiration and stomatal conductance of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) in a high-salinity environment

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An Erratum to this article was published on 03 August 2013

Abstract

Background and aims

We sought to understand the environmental constraints on an arid-zone riparian phreatophtye, saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima and related species and hybrids), growing over a brackish aquifer along the Colorado River in the western U.S. Depth to groundwater, meteorological factors, salinity and soil hydraulic properties were compared at stress and non-stressed sites that differed in salinity of the aquifer, soil properties and water use characteristics, to identify the factors depressing water use at the stress site.

Methods

Saltcedar leaf-level transpiration (EL), LAI, and stomatal conductance (GS) were measured over a growing season (June–September) with Granier and stem heat balance sensors and were compared to those for saltcedar at the non-stress site determined in a previous study. Transpiration on a ground-area basis (EG) was calculated as EL × LAI. Environmental factors were regressed against hourly and daily EL and GS at each site to determine the main factors controlling water use at each site.

Results

At the stress site, mean EG over the summer was only 30 % of potential evapotranspiration (ETo). GS and EG peaked between 8 and 9 am then decreased over the daylight hours. Daytime GS was negatively correlated with vapor pressure deficit (VPD) (P < 0.05). By contrast, EG at the non-stress site tracked the daily radiation curve, was positively correlated with VPD and was nearly equal to ETo on a daily basis. Depth to groundwater increased over the growing season at both sites and resulted in decreasing EG but could not explain the difference between sites. Both sites had high soil moisture levels throughout the vadose zone with high calculated unsaturated conductivity. However, salinity in the aquifer and vadose zone was three times higher at the stress site than at the non-stress site and could explain differences in plant EG and GS.

Conclusions

Salts accumulated in the vadose zone at both sites so usable water was confined to the saturated capillary fringe above the aquifer. Existence of a saline aquifer imposes several types of constraints on phreatophyte EG, which need to be considered in models of plant water uptake. The heterogeneous nature of saltcedar EG over river terraces introduces potential errors into estimates of ET by wide-area methods.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Research Laboratory, Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 2601 East Airport Drive, Tucson, AZ, 85706, USA

    Edward P. Glenn

  2. U.S. Geological Survey, Sonoran Desert Research Station, Southwest Biological Science Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

    Pamela L. Nagler

  3. Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

    Kiyomi Morino

  4. Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ, USA

    Kevin R. Hultine

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  1. Edward P. Glenn
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Glenn, E.P., Nagler, P.L., Morino, K. et al. Phreatophytes under stress: transpiration and stomatal conductance of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) in a high-salinity environment. Plant Soil 371, 655–672 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1803-0

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