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Using very long-range terrestrial laser scanner to analyze the temporal consistency of the snowpack distribution in a high mountain environment

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Abstract

This study demonstrated the usefulness of very long-range terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) for analysis of the spatial distribution of a snowpack, to distances up to 3000 m, one of the longest measurement range reported to date. Snow depth data were collected using a terrestrial laser scanner during 11 periods of snow accumulation and melting, over three snow seasons on a Pyrenean hillslope characterized by a large elevational gradient, steep slopes, and avalanche occurrence. The maximum and mean absolute snow depth error found was 0.5-0.6 and 0.2-0.3 m respectively, which may result problematic for areas with a shallow snowpack, but it is sufficiently accurate to determine snow distribution patterns in areas characterized by a thick snowpack. The results indicated that in most cases there was temporal consistency in the spatial distribution of the snowpack, even in different years. The spatial patterns were particularly similar amongst the surveys conducted during the period dominated by snow accumulation (generally until end of April), or amongst those conducted during the period dominated by melting processes (generally after mid of April or early May). Simple linear correlation analyses for the 11 survey dates, and the application of Random Forests analysis to two days representative of snow accumulation and melting periods indicated the importance of topography to the snow distribution. The results also highlight that elevation and the Topographic Position index (TPI) were the main variables explaining the snow distribution, especially during periods dominated by melting. The intra- and inter-annual spatial consistency of the snowpack distribution suggests that the geomorphological processes linked to presence/absence of snow cover act in a similar way in the long term, and that these spatial patterns can be easily identified through several years of adequate monitoring.

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Acknowledgements

This study was funded by the research project: CGL2014-52599-P “Estudio del manto de nieve en la montaña española y su respuesta a la variabilidad y cambio climatico” funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness; and El glaciar de Monte Perdido: estudio de su dinámica actual y procesos criosféricos asociados como indicadores de procesos de cambio global” (MAGRAMA 844/2013).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pyrenean Institute of Ecology, CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain

    Juan I. López-Moreno, Jesús Revuelto, E. Alonso-González & Alba Sanmiguel-Vallelado

  2. Météo-France - CNRS, CNRM (UMR3589), Centre d’Etudes de la Neige, Grenoble, France

    Jesús Revuelto

  3. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

    Steven R. Fassnacht

  4. National Snow and Ice Data Center, NSIDC, Boulder, Colorado, USA

    Jeffrey Deems

  5. University of Balearic Islands, Mallorca, Spain

    Enrique Morán-Tejeda

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  1. Juan I. López-Moreno
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  3. E. Alonso-González
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  4. Alba Sanmiguel-Vallelado
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  5. Steven R. Fassnacht
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  6. Jeffrey Deems
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Correspondence to Juan I. López-Moreno.

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López-Moreno, J.I., Revuelto, J., Alonso-González, E. et al. Using very long-range terrestrial laser scanner to analyze the temporal consistency of the snowpack distribution in a high mountain environment. J. Mt. Sci. 14, 823–842 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-016-4086-0

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